Cambridge ielts 1-15 series reading answers explained

=> ANSWER: B. punishment helps learning
21. THE TEACHER-SUBJECTS WERE INSTRUCTED TO… 
Keywords : teacher-subjects, instructed 
In paragraph B, the writer refers to the instructions given to the teacher-subjects in the experiment: 
“The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock 
was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive 
wrong answer.” ” Milgram told the teacher subjects to ignore the reaction,… and to administer 
whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the 
moment.” 
– instructed=told 
– give=administer 
=> ANSWER: D
.
give punishment according to a rule
22. BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT TOOK PLACE THE PSYCHIATRISTS… 
Keywords: before, psychiatrists 
In paragraph D,the writer says: “Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a 
group of 39 psychiatrists…” and ” the overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher- 
subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter”, and that” most subjects would not go beyond 150 
volts , and only “about one in 1000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts” 
In paragraph E, the actual result is: ” over 60 percent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey 
Milgram up to the 450 volts limit”. 
So, the estimate of the psychiatrists was too low – they underestimated how many teacher-subjects 
would continue to follow the rules/the procedure. 

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– before=prior to 
– comply with=obey 
=> ANSWER: C.
underestimated the teacher-subjects‟ willingness to comply with 
experimental procedure.
QUESTIONS 23-26 
23. SEVERAL OF THE SUBJECTS WERE PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS AT 
YALE UNIVERSITY. 
Keywords: subjects, psychology students, Yale University 
In paragraph A, the first sentence, the writer says: “A few years ago,…, Stanley Milgram from Yale 
University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for …to perform.” From all walks of life : from 
different types of jobs and different levels of society. We are not told if any of these were students or 
-if they were – from what university.