Main part
Lakoff and Johnson analyzed conceptual metaphor on the material of everyday speech.
However, conceptual metaphor can be used in other text types and first of all, in the
literary text. The usage of conceptual metaphor in the literary text is characterized by
some peculiar features. First of all, conceptual metaphors in literary text should be
closely linked with the conceptual information of the whole text. In other words,
conceptual metaphor in the literary text is the dominant element of the text and it
expresses the main concept of the text. For our analysis, let us take an example from
Galsworthy’s story “Apple Tree”. The plot of the story is as follows: the story begins
with the conversation between the Ashurst on their silver wedding day and they decide
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to celebrate it at the place where they had first met. While his wife is choosing better
place for a picnic, he suddenly remembers that all started here- at this very point. Years
ago, two friends (he, Frank Ashurst, and Robert Garton) were on a tramp and got lost
on their way. They met a “pretty” girl, Megan, and asked her to admit them to stay for
night at hers. Being very romantic, Frank fell in love with Megan’s pure beauty and
“dewy eyes”. It turns out that Megan also feels sympathy towards him and meeting at
night under a marvelous apple tree they decide to marry after Frank’s short a-day-trip
to London. The next day Frank leaves for London to purchase some necessary things,
while being there he meets his old friend, Halliday, by whose request he accompanies
him and his three sisters (Sabina, Freda and young lady, Stella) for several days.
Travelling with them Frank, affectionate by Stella, starts comparing Megan and Stella,
in the end of which he decides to lead his family life with the latter. After so many
years on his silver wedding day Frank returns to that very place and finds out the grave
of Megan there. The short story is masterly enriched with the range of the poetic
descriptions of the nature, especially, the apple tree in spring:
A short steep-up grass hill behind was crowned with a few Scotch firs, and in front, an
old orchard of apple trees, just breaking into flower, stretched down to a stream and a
long wild meadow.”
In the chain of events the author addresses to the depiction of the apple tree a number
of or multiple times, from this standpoint, we can say that the apple tree carries
conceptual information. But here we may come across with unexpected analogy of
apple tree and prison and this very analogy is the conceptual metaphor:” It was nearly
eleven that night when Ashurst put down the pocket "Odyssey" which for half an hour
he had held in his hands without reading, and slipped through the yard down to the
orchard. The moon had just risen, very golden, over the hill, and like a bright, powerful,
watching spirit peered through the bars of an ash tree's half-naked boughs. In among
the apple trees it was still dark, and he stood making sure of his direction, feeling the
rough grass with his feet. A black mass close behind him stirred with a heavy grunting
sound, and three large pigs settled down again close to each other, under the wall. He
listened.
There was no wind, but the stream's burbling whispering chuckle had
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gained twice its daytime strength. One bird, he could not tell what, cried "Pippip," "Pip-
pip," with perfect monotony; he could hear a night-Jar spinning very far off; an owl
hooting. Ashurst moved a step or two, and again halted, aware of a dim living whiteness
all round his head. On the dark unstirring trees innumerable flowers and buds all soft
and blurred were being bewitched to life by the creeping moonlight. He had the oddest
feeling of actual companionship, as if a million white moths or spirits had floated in
and settled between dark sky and darker ground, and were opening and shutting their
wings on a level with his eyes. In the bewildering, still, scentless beauty of that moment
he almost lost memory of why he had come to the orchard. The flying glamour which
had clothed the earth all day had not gone now that night had fallen, but only changed
into this new form. He moved on through the thicket of stems and boughs covered with
that live powdering whiteness, till he reached the big apple tree. No mistaking that,
even in the dark, nearly twice the height and size of any other, and leaning out towards
the open meadows and the stream. Under the thick branches he stood still again, to
listen. The same sounds exactly, and a faint grunting from the sleepy pigs. He put his
hands on the dry, almost warm tree trunk, whose rough mossy surface gave forth a
peaty scent at his touch. Would she come--would she? And among these quivering,
haunted, moon-witched trees he was seized with doubts of everything! All was
unearthly here, fit for no earthly lovers; fit only for god and goddess, faun and nymph
not for him and this little country girl. Would it not be almost a relief if she did not
come? But all the time he was listening. And still that unknown bird went "Pip-pip,"
"Pip-pip," and there rose the busy chatter of the little trout stream, where on the moon
was flinging glances through the bars of her tree-prison. The blossom on a level with
his eyes seemed to grow more living every moment, seemed with its mysterious white
beauty more and more a part of his suspense. He plucked a fragment and held it close
three blossoms. Sacrilege to pluck fruit-tree blossom - soft, sacred, young blossom -
and throw it away!”
The concept of the story is not direct in representative speech. The beauty of the
moment and orchard is perceived by the main character Ashurst. The description of the
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orchard is done with the help of poetic, elevated words and convergence of stylistic
devices:
-Dusk had gathered thick. The farm buildings and the wheel-house were all dim and
bluish, the apple trees but a blurred wilderness;
The ground there was covered with a mist of bluebells, and nearly a score of crab -
apple trees were in full bloom.
He got up and broke off a spray from a crab-apple tree. The buds were like Megan -
shell - like, rose - pink, wild, and fresh; and so, too, the opening flowers, white, and
wild; and touching;
However, the author uses the metaphor tree-prison which stands in contrast to the
whole description of the garden. Because the lexeme prison has negative associations
and that can be proved by its lexicographical interpretation.
Prison - A place or institution of confinement, especially of long-term confinement for
those convicted of serious crimes or otherwise considered undesirable by the
government.
The following words are associated with the word Prison: Imprisonment, Probation,
Parole, Prison, Sentencing, Jail, Felony, Defendant, Offender, Incarceration, Servitude,
Plea, Restitution, Confinement, Burglary, Treason, Verdict, Conviction, Offence,
Tribunal, Detention, Robbery, Evasion, Murder, Convict, Extortion, Bribery, Arson,
Inmate, Prosecutor, Accomplice, Jury, Kidnapping, Espionage, Execution,
Punishment, Amnesty, Fraud, Deportation, Offense, Trafficking, Penalty, Death,
Conspiracy, Rape, Crime, Bail, Desertion, Forgery, Criminal, Accused, Judge,
Prosecution, Indictment, Executioner, Gallows, Convicted, Guilty, Penal, Defendant,
Correctional, Pleading, Overturned, Suspended, Trial, Jailed, Arrested, Conditional,
Mandatory, Condemned, Appellate, Criminal, Concurrent, Beheaded and etc.
This contrast attracts the reader’s attention and by means of inference the reader came
to conclusion that the main character was in prison of his feelings. Every time Frank
Ashurst sees the apple tree, it can easily be felt that he is fond of its natural beauty and
it has arrested his thoughts and mind. The way Frank Ashurst feels about the apple
tree’s extraordinary beauty gives clues to understand the personality of the main hero.
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He is romantic, sensitive and loves beauty in nature. The apple tree is so beautiful that
he surrenders to this beauty, its charm arrests his mind and he is capitulated by natural
beauty. He was in prison of his passion, his love towards the girl and though he
understands that his actions were all wrong. He realized this fact and it can be proved
by metaphorical periphrasis in the sentences:“For there was no hiding it--since he had
met the Hallidays he had become gradually sure that he would not marry Megan. It
would only be a wild love-time, a troubled, remorseful, difficult time - and then - well,
then he would get tired, just because she gave him everything, was so simple, and so
trustful, so dewy. And dew - wears off! The little spot of faded colour, her tam-o'-
shanter cap, wavered on far in front of him; she was looking up into every face, and at
the house windows. Had any man ever such a cruel moment to go through? Whatever
he did, he felt he would be a beast. And he uttered a groan which made a nursemaid
turn and stare.”
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