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(cultural functional equivalent)
, literal translation of each word
(translating
word by word)
, borrowing the original term of the source language
(transcribing)
,
creating neologisms
(neologizing)
. In modern Uzbek translation studies, the
following methods of translating terms are proposed:
1. Selection in the target language of the lexical equivalent of the source
language term. This is the most optimal translation method. However, it is possible to
resort to this method in cases when the level of social development of the countries of
the source language and the target language coincides. For example, the Uzbek term
“ishchi” is translated by the English term “worker” and the English tourist term
“heritage” by the term “meros” of the Uzbek.
The term “last-minute vouchers” or “special offers” - vouchers or tours that
appear shortly before the start of the trip are calculated for specific dates and specific
hotels are usually sold with significant discounts. In the UK, "Late deals" is used, in
the US, "Last-minute is the term specials". As a rule, terms-equivalents of different
languages are already present in both languages, so when translating there is no
need to think up new terms or neologisms, but it is necessary to select a term already
existing in the language.[5]
2. Semantic calque, which has a place when the structure of the translated
lexical unit coincides in both languages. This method is called semantic calque, since
the semantics of terms is common for both languages, while the structure of the term
created in the original language corresponds to the norms of the original language,
and the structure of the term in the target language is the English term “Niche
tourism” is conveyed in Russian by the term "
Нишевый туризм". This method is
widely used in technical sciences. [4]
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Another type of calque is loan translation (the structure of a lexical unit is
borrowed during translation together with this unit). For example, the term
"osmono’par" - English "skyscraper", "Turistik uy" - "Tourist house". The
emergence of new foreign ones, this structure from the models of the term in the
target language, becomes the result of the element-by-element translation of complex
lexical units, where each element in the source language corresponds to an equivalent
in the target language. Taking into account the structural and typological features of
the Uzbek and English languages, the following patterns of translation of terms and
phrases into Uzbek can be distinguished:
a) adjective / participle + noun: customer service -
mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatish;
discounted fare - chegirmali narx;
b) a noun in the nominative case + a noun in the genitive case: labor market -
mehnat bozori, employment opportunities - ishga joylashish imkoniyatlari;
c) noun + prepositional phrase: press trips - matbuot vakillari uchun sayohat,
parking facilities-
to'xtash joylari.
Some borrowed elements of the translation structure remain in the target
language as a result of calque, others do not take root in the language
Another most common way of translating terms is the structure, semantics and
form of the term full borrowing, that is, they are borrowed from the original language
in the process of translation. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish between
borrowings that come into use as a result of direct contacts of two languages, and
internationalisms, built largely from the Greco-Latin elements that are used in the
process of intercultural and international professional communication.
If a term appears along with a new concept or phenomenon that it denotes, then
this appearance can be called positive and acceptable. Thus, the Uzbek language
from the English language has moved the term “intensiv turizm” (incentive tourism),
“charter” (charter), “Motel” (Mоtеl), “Kеmping” (camping) and others. Hence, it is
possible to develop science and technology in the countries of the original language
and the target language. The translator must find the equivalent of the source
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language term in his native language or construct a new term from the elements of the
target language.[3]
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