Microsoft Word Theoretical Course of English Grammar

Nino Kirvalidze
89

The auxiliary 
do
is used in negative statements and in questions; this is known as 
do
insertion.

Modal auxiliaries
.
There are nine modal auxiliary verbs. As their name suggests, 
they are largely concerned with expressing “modality”, such as possibility, necessity, prediction 
and volition (
სურვილი
, 
ნდომა
). The modals are:
I
row
will, can, shall, may, must
II row
would, could, should, might.
Each modal in the lower row is historically the past tense of the modal directly above it. 
Nowadays, though, the relationship of 
will
to 
would
, or 
can
to 
could
, etc. has less to do with 
tense than with modal meaning, the latter members in the modal pairs expressing more 
politeness. For instance: 
Would you pass me the book, please
?
Could you open the window
?
In practice the modals can be regarded as invariable function words, with no inflections 
such as 
-ing
and 
-ed
. The modals will and would have contracted forms (‘ll and ‘d), and most 
modals have contracted negative form ending in 
n’t,
such as 
wouldn’t
. Modals occur as the first 
verb in a clause, and are followed by the base form (i.e. infinitive) of another verb, usually the 
main verb (underlined below): 
I can live here quietly. 
They would have a different view. 
Prepositions 
Prepositions express the dependencies and interdependencies of substantive referents in a 
sentence. Because of this, they are considered to be linking words that introduce prepositional 
phrases. The prepositional complement following a preposition is generally a noun phrase, so 
prepositions can also be seen as linking words that connect other structure with noun phrases. 
For example: 
That picture of mother; She’s in a new situation; She is still on the phone.
Most prepositions are short, invariable forms. E.g.: 
about, after, around, as, at, by, down, 
for, from, in, to, like, of, off, on, round, since, than, towards,
etc. Prepositions can be linked to a 
preceding verb, such as: 
rely on; consist of; succeed in; look at; look for; look after,
etc. 

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Theoretical Course of English Grammar 
Script by prof.