K.S. Stanislavskiy
For any director, the main material in his work is the work of the actor. No
problem of modern directing has any real artistic value if it is not identified in the actor.
That is, if the actors don’t create, don’t think and feel, they are passive and creatively
inert - the director has nothing to do, nothing to create the play, he just doesn’t have
the material he needs in his hands . Therefore, the director’s work with the actor in the
process of creating the play is the most pressing issue in the creative practice of any
theater. The actor needs to evoke his organic nature in order to evoke a creative process,
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to create a continuous, complete, independent creation. The director needs to be able
to “interpret” the role, show “how to play”, and explain to the actor everything he does
on stage. And that is his main task. When this process occurs, the director’s second
task also arises - to continuously support the process, prevent its loss, and direct the
play to a specific goal in accordance with the overall ideological and artistic concept.
The director must feel the uniqueness of the actor in the work process, constantly
monitor how the author and director’s intentions are reflected in the actor, and at the
same time see where the actor’s imagination and desires call and how much a particular
task may require. Follow the actor's wishes and at the same time correct him without
letting him click.
The director does not work with one actor, but with the whole team, so the next
most important task is to constantly coordinate the results of the work of all the actors,
resulting in a harmonious ideological and artistic work of theatrical art. The director
solves all these complex tasks in the process of creative organization of the main task
- stage movement. Every action is always based on this or that conflict, which leads to
clashes, struggles, interactions between the protagonists of the play. Identify conflicts
through the interaction of actors on stage and the director is called. This is where
another quality of a director comes from - being the organizer of the whole show. But
understanding this function is very convincing, so the actors on stage work honestly,
organically, and the audience believes in the authenticity of their actions - impossible
through command, command, pressure. The director has to engage the actor with his
tasks, inspire him to perform them, stimulate his imagination, awaken his artistic
imagination, “attract” him to the right path of true creativity.
The main task of all real creativity in realistic art is to reveal the essence of the
described life events, to reveal the hidden sources of these events, the internal laws.
That is why a deep knowledge of life is the basis of all artistic creation. You can't create
without knowing about life. This applies to both the director and the actor. If the
director has certain knowledge, life observations, thoughts, and considerations that
need to be demonstrated on stage, and we assume that the actor has no burden in this
regard, then the actor is forced to mechanically obey the director’s wishes. will affect
the actor. there will be no one-sided, creative noise.
Imagine the opposite scenario: the actor knows life well, and the director is
young, inexperienced. What happens then? The actor has the ability to create and
influence the director with his work, unfortunately there is no interaction and the
director loses his leadership role and is left helpless behind the creative work of the
acting team. Thus, both options - the option in which the director brutally suppresses
the creative personality of the actor and loses the lead role due to ignorance of life - the
overall work - the option that negatively affects the performance.
If the author of the play has created a theme of creative reflection, it is a
completely different matter for both the director and the actor to know and understand
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the events of life well. Then the right creative connections are created between them,
there is an interaction or co-creation.
The director shows the actor any gestures, phrases, intonations related to this or
that moment of the role. The actor receives the instruction, understands it, digests the
inner life on the basis of the knowledge of his life. As a result, the director’s direction
and the actor’s knowledge interact and form a unique “alloy” or synthesis. The actor
does not repeat what is required of the director mechanically and thoughtlessly, but
creatively. As a director, he simultaneously manifests himself, his creative personality.
The director expresses his opinion and returns it in the form of a stage "paint", that is,
it is enriched and brightened by a certain movement, gesture, intonation. Therefore, the
director must awaken the creative will and initiative of the actor by all means at his
disposal, to stimulate the actor's desire for knowledge, observation, creative
independence. A real director is not only a theater teacher for the actor, but also a life
teacher. The director is also responsible for the well-being of the actor on stage.
The most important task of the director is to awaken and direct the creative
initiative of the actor. Any direction is determined by the ideological concept of the
whole play. This notion should depend on the ideological interpretation of each
individual role. The actor must be able to walk freely in the direction indicated by the
director, without feeling any violence for himself. The director must not only enslave
the actor, but he must protect his creative freedom, because freedom is a necessary
condition and the most important sign of an actor’s creative well-being, and therefore
creativity itself. Let’s say a director shows an actor a scene and the actor has to do it.
moreover, he is obliged to do so every time, at every exercise, and then at every exit.
He has to do it because the story is not accidental, the director thinks, feels and has a
certain meaning. He does so, no differently, revealing this part of the play and the
actions of the protagonists. This means that it should be done by the actor, not another
mise-en-scene. And the point is, an actor has to perform a table-stage that can be
performed in a way that suits his organic needs. And this only happens when the actor
understands, that the actions given to him in this situation feel absolutely necessary for
this image. Exactly this rumor-scene, this gesture, this intonation. Then he doesn’t feel
the need to do another mise-en-scène. And there is an inner need to do it, a sense of
freedom, not otherwise.
This requirement is not easy to fulfill. Only when necessity is realized with a
sense of freedom, when necessity and freedom are combined, does the actor have the
opportunity to create. The actor uses his freedom not as a conscious necessity, but as a
personal, subjective arbitrariness, but he does not create it. Creativity is always about
free compliance with certain requirements, certain restrictions and norms. And if the
actor mechanically fulfills the requirements for him, he will not create either. And in
fact, and otherwise, there is no full-fledged creation. And when an actor forces himself
to meet certain requirements, the actor’s subjective arbitrariness and rational play are
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not creativity. The element of coercion in creative action must be completely
eliminated. This movement must be very free and at the same time subject to need.
How can this be achieved? First, patience and perseverance are required, and the
performance of the task will not be satisfied until it becomes an organic need of the
actor. To do this, the director must attract the actor who will perform this task. It must
act simultaneously on the mind, the emotions, and the imagination of the actor, until
the creative movement itself emerges, that is, until the result of the director's efforts is
expressed in a completely free form, as if by chance. until. , the actor's voluntary
reaction. It is an internal psychological form, a clear choice of means of action. First,
you will change your mind. These two people - the actor and the director - think
differently. Not about different things, but in different ways. And you get aesthetic
pleasure because you want to get into the secret of their thoughts and are always in the
process of understanding it. You can’t give the audience a chance to guess what the
actor will do next. If he's ahead of the actor, he's in an archaic style. The artist has to
control the emotions of the audience.
Thus, the actor’s creative well-being, when he is on stage, sees any previously
known influence as unexpected and responds easily and correctly. The director should
try to call this actor and then support him carefully.
The language of the director's duties is action
The most "harmful" way of directing is to immediately "give" the actor a certain
feeling in a certain way, that is, to demand a quick result. An actor cannot do this with
all his desires without forcing his nature. Helping the actor in this preparation is the
real task of the director.
But this preparation is not about telling the actor the emotion and the way it
manifests, but about the actions that lead the actor to the desired emotion and the
desired reaction. From a certain point of view, the most important “enemy” in an actor
is to be identified instead of the actual existence of these emotions. Stanislavsky argues
that emotion cannot be played out, as many understand: absence, in general, is the
destruction of emotion.
If we talk about methodology, the director and the actor have to achieve a “high
temperature” of emotional tension on stage, after which you can take care of the
expressiveness of the means. The director needs to be able to tell the actor the right
move for every moment of his life, not just the emotions. So the language of directing
tasks should be the language of action, not the language of emotions.
Form of directing assignments. Any direction of the director can be done both in
the form of an oral explanation and in the form of a director's show. Verbal explanation
is considered to be the main form of directing, but it cannot be expressed in words
alone. The show is definitely needed, although there is a serious risk of creative
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depersonalization of the actors. Obviously, a director in a good show comes not from
his acting material, but from the material of the actor he works for.
An important phase of the director’s work with the actors is the period known as
the work holiday in this play. This is the basis for a future play. The end result depends
in large part on how this period goes. The director has to convey the plan to the actor
so that the plan becomes the creative plan of the whole team.
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