Translation Case Study: First Year Master a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of a

1.1.6.1. Translation by a Superordinate 
This strategy is used to solve the problem of non- equivalence in all languages, 
because the hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language specific. 
 
1.1.6.2. Translation by More Neutral and Less Expressive Word
This method deals with the differences in expressive meaning. For example, if there is 
no direct equivalent for a particular SL item in the TL, the translator may use near equivalent 
items which are both less expressive and more formal.
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1.1.6.3. Translation by Cultural Substitution 
This strategy is based on replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a TL one 
that has not the same exact meaning, but has equivalent effect on the target audience. 
1.1.6.4. Translation by Using Loan Words:
This technique works well when dealing with culture-specific items, modern concepts and 
buzz words. When using loan words, it will be better to follow them with explanations, 
especially if they are repeated many times in a text.
 
1.1.6.5. Translation by Paraphrase Using Related Words 
It will be useful to use this strategy when a SL term has an equivalent in the TL, but in 
a different form, and when it is more used in the source language than the target one. 
1.1.6.6. Translation by Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words 
This strategy is highly used in case where a source language item is not lexicalized at 
all in the target language. It is mainly based on the modification of a superordinate or the 
unpacking of the source item meaning. 
1.1.6.7. Translation by Omission 
This technique is used when a particular word has no equivalent in the TL, and it plays 
a little role in the development of the source text (i.e., its omission does not alter the meaning 
of the text) (Baker 1992:28-36).