718
i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
assume civil jurisdiction over other states in cases in which torture was
alleged.
108
In the case of criminal proceedings, the situation is rather different.
Part I of the State Immunity Act (the substantive part) does not apply to
criminal proceedings, although Part III (concerning certain status issues)
does. In
Ex parte Pinochet
(
No. 3
),
109
the House of Lords held by six votes
to one that General Pinochet was not entitled to immunity in extradition
proceedings (which are criminal proceedings) with regard to charges of
torture and conspiracy to torture where the alleged acts took place after
the relevant states (Chile, Spain and the UK) had become parties to the
Convention against Torture, although the decision focused on head of
state immunity and the terms of the Convention.
110
Commercial acts
Of all state activities for which immunity is no longer to be obtained, that
of commercial transactions is the primary example and the definition of
such activity is crucial.
111
Section 3(3) of the State Immunity Act 1978 defines the term ‘com-
mercial transaction’ to mean:
(a) any contract for the supply of goods or services;
(b) any loan or other transaction for the provision of finance and any
guarantee or indemnity in respect of any such transaction or of any
other financial obligation; and
(c) any other transaction or activity (whether of a commercial, industrial,
financial, professional or other similar character) into which a state
enters or in which it engages otherwise than in the exercise of sovereign
authority.
108
Ibid.
, paras. 45 ff.; 129 ILR, pp. 732 ff. Note that the controversial case of
Ferrini
v.
Federal
Republic of Germany
before the Italian Court of Cassation is to contrary effect, (2004)
Cass sez un 5044/04: see P. De Sena and F. De Vittor, ‘State Immunity and Human Rights:
The Italian Supreme Court Decision on the
Ferrini
Case’, 16 EJIL, 2005, p. 89; Fox, ‘State
Immunity and the Crime of Torture’, and Lords Bingham and Hoffmann in
Jones
v.
Saudi
Arabia
at paras. 22 and 63 respectively.
109
[2000] 1 AC 147; 119 ILR, p. 135.
110
See further below, p. 735. Note, however, that Lords Hope, Millett and Phillips held that
there was no immunity for widespread and systematic acts of official torture, [2000] 1
AC 147, 246–8, 275–7, 288–92; 119 ILR, pp. 198–201, 228–31, 242–7.
111
In his discussion of the development of the restrictive theory of sovereign or state im-
munity in
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