A two-Level Approach to Morphological Structure


participles of verbs, with X as the verb stem. Both potential cases of



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participles of verbs, with X as the verb stem. Both potential cases of 
circumfixation, noun formation as in 20 and past participle formation as 
in
ge-kauf-t
‘buy, past participle’, display the additional complication 
that prefixal 
ge
- is subject to prosodic conditioning: 
ge-
requires the 
following syllable to bear main stress of the word, compare 
ge-red-et


Morphological Structure 
269
‘talk, past part.’ to 
diskutiert
‘discuss, past part.’ (with final stress), but 
not
*gediskutiert
. However, while 
ge
- is simply missing for the past 
participles, nouns of the type in 20 are impossible with non-initial stress: 
*Ge-diskutier-e
,
*Diskutiere
‘discussion’. Thus, the case for a circumfix 
is again dubious. Circumfixation in general can be seen as another prim-
ary case of a morphological pattern with non-isomorphic structures in the 
sense discussed here, but the evidence for clear cases of circumfixation 
proper is surprisingly weak, a point also discussed by Anderson (1992: 
53). 
9. Conclusion. 
The survey of the two types of structural representations presented as 
applied to a few crucial phenomena of German morphology allows for a 
number of possible interface rules regulating the relation between 
morphosyntactic and morphophonological structures. Just as the Right-
hand Head rule given in 5 above states a preferred relation between 
morphosyntactic heads and the placement of their morphophonological 
realizations, other such interface rules express similar preferred cor-
respondences. A small preliminary selection is offered in 23. As the case 
studies presented in this paper have tried to demonstrate, all of these 
correspondence rules may be violated. 
(23) Possible interface rules between morphosyntax and morpho-
phonology 
a. For each constituent X in morphosyntactic structure, there is a 
stem or affix in morphophonological structure. 
b. For each stem and affix in morphophonological structure, there 
are word class features in morphosyntactic structure. 
c. Daughters in a morphosyntactic tree are adjacent in a 
morphophonological structure. 
The present paper has studied a set of marked morphological pheno-
mena from the derivational morphology of present-day German. This is 
not to say that there are no other such phenomena: metathesis, sub-
traction, infixation, and reduplication constitute other clear candidates of 


Wiese 
270
what could be added to the list, though not easily found in German.
15
In 
all of these cases, it appears to be the case that the morphophonological 
structure does not match the word-syntactic structure in a one-to-one 
fashion—presupposing, of course, that there is indeed motivation for the 
latter structure. But, if there is, the two-level approach advocated here 
may serve as a frame of reference to define some specific types of 
markedness or marginality in morphology. Proposing these two levels is 
not new by any means. However, it has not been recognized, to my 
knowledge, how broad its scope of application may be. Furthermore, the 
study of marginal morphology can serve as an important heuristic in 
order to establish the crucial properties of the two levels involved. The 
general approach followed here advocates a division of labor for specific 
linguistic representations, rather than an all-embracing role for some type 
of representation. 
In morphological theory, phenomena of the sort discussed here are 
occasionally drawn upon for the “deconstruction” of morphology, in 
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