16.
Ba’zi mashhur kishilarning ismiga “
Great
” so’zi qo’shib aytilganda the artikli ishlatiladi: Catherine
the Great – Buyuk Katerina, Karl the Great – Buyuk Karl.
17. Din nomlari
oldidan artikl ishlatilmaydi: Islam – islom dini, Christanity – Xristianlik dini, (religion-
din)
18. Maqollarda
artikl har xil holatda ishlatiladi: to call a spade a spade – har narsani o’z nomi bilan
atamoq, where there is a will there is a way – istak bor joyda yo’l topiladi, intilganga tole yor,
Quyidagi so’z birikmalari va iboralar a/an artikllari bilan ishlatiladi:
A lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a great many
–
ko’p,
a number of
– bir nechta,
a few
– bir oz,
a little
– bir oz,
a piece of
– bir bo’lak,
to go for a walk
– sayrga bormoq,
to have a good time
– vaqtni yaxshi o’tkazmoq,
to have a cold
– shamollab
qolmoq,
to have a headache
– bosh og’rimoq,
to have a look
– qarab qo’ymoq,
to be in a hurry
–
shoshilmoq,
it is a pity
– attang, afsus,
to be at a loss
– qiynalmoq,
at a speed of
– tezlikda,
as a
result of
– natijada,
at a time when
– vaqtida, mahalida,
on a large (small) scale
– katta (kichik)
hajmda,
all of a sudden
– to’satdan,
as a matter of fact
– haqiqatda,
for a short (long) time
– qisqa
(uzoq) vaqt davomida,
to have a mind
– moqchi bo’lmoq,
in a loud (low) voice
– baland (past)
ovozda,
to be in a position
– holatda bo’lmoq,
to take a seat
– joyini egallamoq,
an area of
– lik
maydon,
a territory of
– lik hudud,
a European country
– Evropa davlati,
to put an end to sth
. –
biror narsani tugatmoq, nuqta qo’ymoq,
to make an attempt
– harakat qilomoq,
with an
entqusiasm
– ko’tarinkilik bilan,
to make a bet
– garov o’ynamoq,
to score a goal
– go’l urmoq,
in a
draw
– durang,
a couple of
=
a pair of
– bir juft,
with a smile
– tabssum bilan,
to have a good
command of
the language
– tilni yaxshi o’zlashtirgan bo’lmoq,
to give a good recommendation
–
yaxshi tavsiya bermoq,
to ask for a date
– uchrashuvga taklif qilmoq,
to have an eye on somebody
– birovdan ko’z-quloq bo’lib turmoq,
to be in a mess
– tartibsiz bo’lmoq,
79
Quyidagi so’z birikmalari va iboralar the artikli bilan ishlatiladi:
in the morning
– ertalab,
in the afternoon
– tushdan keyin,
in the evening
– kechqurun,
in
the night
– tunda,
What is the time?
– Soat necha?
The day after tomorrow
– ertadan keyin,
the
day before yesterday
– o’tgan kun,
on the one (other) hand
– bir (boshqa) tomondan,
the other
day
=
a few days ago
– bir necha kun oldin,
to play the piano
– pianino chalmoq,
to play the violin
– skripka chalmoq,
to pass the time
– vaqtni o’tkazmoq,
on the right (left)
– o’ngda (chapda),
in the
country
– qishloqda,
on the whole
– umuman,
to tell the truth
– haqiqatni aytmoq,
to run the risk
– tavakkal qilmoq,
to run the business
– ishni yuritmoq,
at the age of
– yoshida,
What is the matter
?
Nima bo’ldi?,
in the draught
– yelvizakda,
in the city center
– shahar markazida,
in the first person
singular
– birinchi shaxs birlida,
in the second person plural
– ikkinchi shaxs ko’plikda,
all through
the night
– tuni bo’yi.
Quyidagi so’z birikmalari va iboralar artiklsiz ishlatiladi:
At first
–dastlab, avvalo,
at night
–tunda,
at home
–uyda,
at sunset
–kun botarmahalda,
at
sunrise
–kun chiqarmahalda,
at peace
–tinchlikda,
in peace
-tinchlikda,
at war
–urushda,
by air
–havo
orqali,
at table
–dasturxon atrofida,
to be in town
–shaharchada bo’lmoq,
by land
–quruqlik orqali,
by sea
–dengiz orqali,
by mistake
–xato qilib,
by order of
-ning buyrug’i bilan,
at dinner
-tushlikda,
at
breakfast
-nonushtada,
on demand
-talabi bilan,
in fact
-haqiqatda,
in debt
-qarzda,
on deck
-
palubada (kema hovlisida),
day and night
-kecha-kunduz,
from morning to (till) night
-ertalabdan
kechgacha,
from day to day
-kundan-kunga,
by day
-kunduzgi,
at work
-ishda,
at first sight
-bir
qarashda,
by heart
-yoddan,
by chance
-tasodifan,
by name
-nomi bilan,
by means of
-ning vositasida,
to be under discussion
-muhokama qilinayotgan bo’lmoq,
in time
-vaqtida,
in demand
-talab katta,
in sight
-ko’rinishda,
in conclusion
-xulosada,
on boards ship
-kema bortida,
on sale
-sotuvda,
day
after day
-kundan-kunga,
from head to foot
-boshdan oyoq,
from time to time
-vaqti-vaqti bilan,
from shop to shop
-do’kondan do’konga,
under control
- boshqaruv ostida,
at dawn
– tongda.
At risk
– xavf ostida.
80
THE SENTENCE
1.
Parts of a sentence (gap bo’laklari): a) the
subject
(ega); b) the
predicate
(kesim); c) the
object
(to’ldiruvchi); d) the
attribute
(aniqlovchi); e) the
adverbial modifiers
(hol);
2.
Gaplar tuzilishiga ko’ra 2 ga bo’linadi: 1) the
Simple sentence
(soda gap); 2) the
Clauses
(qo’shma gaplar);
3.
Qo’shma gaplar ham ikkiga bo’linadi: 1) The
Compound sentence
(bog’langan qo’shma gap);
2) The
Complex sentence
(Ergashgan qo’shma gap);
4.
Ergashgan qo’shma gaplarda Bosh gap (the Principle Clause) va Ergash gap (the Subordinate
Clause) lar bo’ladi.
5.
Maqsadiga ko’ra gaplar 4 ga bo’linadi:
a) the declarative sentence (darak gap)
b) the interrogative sentence (so’roq
gap)
c) the imperative sentence (buyruq gap)
d) the exclamatory sentence (his-hayajon
gap)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (so’roq gaplar)
1.
So’roq gaplar 4 turga bo’linadi:
a) General question sentences (umumiy so’roq
gaplar)
b) Special question sentences (maxsus so’roq
gaplar)
c) Alternative question sentences (tanlov so’roq
gaplar)
d) Disjunctive question sentences (tasdiq so’roq
gaplar)
2. General questions
(umumiy so’roq gaplar): yordamchi fe’lni egadan oldinga chiqarish bilan
hosil qilinadi:
Do you speak English? Inglizcha gapirasizmi? Have you seen her? Uni ko’rdingmi?
a)
Inkor umumiy so’roq gaplar asosan
ajablanishni
ifodalaydi va “
nahotki
” so’zi qo’shib tarjima
qilinadi:
Do you not know her. = Don’t you know her? Nahotki uni tanimasangiz? Haven’t you written
it yet? Nahotki uni hali yozib bo’lmadingiz?
b)
Inkor umumiy so’roq gaplarning
javobi
quyidagicha bo’ladi:
Didn’t you speak to her
yesterday? Nnahotki kecha u bilan gaplashmagan bo’lsangiz? – No, I didn’t (Yo’q, gaplashmadim), -
Yes, I did. (Ha, gaplashdim)
.
Won’t she come here toninght? – No, she won’t. – Yes, she will. (Bu
oqshom u bu yerga kelmaydimi? – Yo’q kalmaydi. – Ha, keladi).
3. Special questions
(maxsus so’roq gaplar): Maxsus so’zlar bilan yasaladi. Maxsus so’zlar esa
quyidagilardir:
who
(kim),
what
(nima, qanday),
where
(qaerda),
which
(qaysi),
how much
(qancha),
how many
(nechta),
whose
(kimning),
whom
(kimni, kimga).
When did you come? (qachon keldingiz).
Who are you? (kimsiz?) How are you going? (qanday bormoqchisan?)
4. Alternative questions
(Tanlov so’roq gaplar): da “or” (yoki) bog’lovchisi qatnashadi:
Is she
American or Mexican? U Amerikalikmi yoki Meksikalik? Are you reading or sleeping? Sen
o’qiyapsanmi yoki uxlayapsanmi?
5. DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS
(Tasdiq so’roq gaplar):
Bu turdagi so’roq gaplar biror gapdan keyin vergul qo’yib qisqagina umumiy so’roq gapni
keltirish bilan hosil qilinadi.
a)
Agar birinchi gap
bo’lishli
bo’lsa, verguldan keyingi tasdiq so’roq
gap
bo’lishsiz
bo’ladi:
I must read now, mustn’t I? Men hozir o’qishim kerak, shunday emasmi? You
are English, aren’t you? Siz inglizsiz, shunday emasmi? He can play chess, can’t he? U shaxmat
o’ynayoladi, shunday emasmi? He speaks English, doesn’t he? U inglizcha gapiradi, shunday emasmi?
He came yesterday, didn’t he? U kecha keldi, shunday emasmi
?
You have come, haven’t you? Sen
kelgansan, shunday emasmi? He has come, hasn’t he?
b)
Agar birinchi gap
bo’lishsiz
(inkor) bo’lsa verguldan keyingi tasdiq so’roq gap
bo’lishli
shaklda
bo’ladi:
I mustn’t play on computer, must I? Men kompyuterda o’ynamasligim kerak, shundaymi? She
is not working, is she? U ishlamayapti, shundaymi?
81
c)
Agar kishi “
Ha
” javobini olishni istasa, qisqa so’roqdan oldin darak gap ishlatish kerak. Ya’ni
birinchi gap darak shaklda bo’lsa, unga javob albatta “
yes
” (ha) bo’lishi lozim:
You study at the lyceum,
don’t you? – Yes, I do. Sen litseyda o’qiysan, shunday emasmi? - Ha shunday
.
d)
Agar kishi “
yo’q
” javobini olishni istasa, qisqa so’roq gapdan oldin inkor gap ishlatishi kerak.
Ya’ni birinchi gap inkor shaklda bo’lsa, unga javob albatta “
No
” (yo’q) bo’lishi lozim:
You don’t study
at the lyceum, do you? – No, I don’t. Sen litseyda o’qimaysan, shundaymi? – Yo’q, o’qimayman
.
e)
Agar gapda “
have to (has to
)” modal fe’li ishlatilgan bo’lsa, o’sha gapning tasdiq so’rog’i “
do,
does
” yordamchi fe’li bilan yasaladi:
You have to go, don’t you? Sen ketishing kerak, shunday emasmi?
She has to work, doesn’t she? U ishlashi kerak, shunday emasmi? You don’t have to go, do you? Sen
ketmasliging kerak, shundaymi? She doesn’t have to go, does she? U ketmasligi kerak, shundaymi?
We had to study hard, didn’t we? Biz qattiq o’qishga majbur edik, shunday emasmi? Shokir had English
yesterday, didn’t he? Shokirning kecha inglizcha darsi bor edi, shunday emasmi?
Lekin:
We had studied hard, hadn’t we? Biz qattiq o’qishga majbur edik, shunday emasmi?
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