PRODUCING ROTATION
Nearly all motors exploit the force which is exerted on a current-
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
W
eld. The force can be
demonstrated by placing a bar magnet near a wire carrying current
(Figure 1.1), but anyone trying the experiment will probably be dis-
appointed to discover how feeble the force is, and will doubtless be
left wondering how such an unpromising e
V
ect can be used to make
e
V
ective motors.
We will see that in order to make the most of the mechanism, we need
to arrange a very strong magnetic
W
eld, and make it interact with many
conductors, each carrying as much current as possible. We will also see
later that although the magnetic
W
eld (or ‘excitation’) is essential to the
working of the motor, it acts only as a catalyst, and all of the mechanical
output power comes from the electrical supply to the conductors on
which the force is developed. It will emerge later that in some motors the
parts of the machine responsible for the excitation and for the energy
converting functions are distinct and self-evident. In the d.c. motor, for
example, the excitation is provided either by permanent magnets or by
W
eld coils wrapped around clearly de
W
ned projecting
W
eld poles on the
stationary part, while the conductors on which force is developed are on
the rotor and supplied with current via sliding brushes. In many motors,
however, there is no such clear-cut physical distinction between the
‘excitation’ and the ‘energy-converting’ parts of the machine, and a
single stationary winding serves both purposes. Nevertheless, we will
W
nd that identifying and separating the excitation and energy-converting
functions is always helpful in understanding how motors of all types
operate.
Returning to the matter of force on a single conductor, we will
W
rst
look at what determines the magnitude and direction of the force,
N
S
Force
Current
in conductor
Figure 1.1
Mechanical force produced on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic
W
eld
2
Electric Motors and Drives
magnetism: it not only provides us with a convenient pictorial way of
picturing the directional e
V
ects, but it also allows us to quantify the
‘strength’ of the magnetism and hence permits us to predict the various
e
V
ects produced by it.
The dotted lines in Figure 1.2 are referred to as magnetic
X
ux lines, or
simply
X
ux lines. They indicate the direction along which iron
W
lings (or
small steel pins) would align themselves when placed in the
W
eld of the
bar magnet. Steel pins have no initial magnetic
W
eld of their own, so
there is no reason why one end or the other of the pins should point to a
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