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1. Branches of Comparative Typology as to the levels of language hierarchy
Comparative Typology operates at all levels of language hierarchy without
exception. In other words, it can compare the units of phonetic, phonological,
morphological, syntactic and lexical levels.
In comparison with other levels the given level is more isolated and at the
same time, its sections are more developed from the typological point of view.
Inside the phonological level, actually phonologic and phonetic sublevels are
identified.
Phonetic and phonological typology
deals with thecomparison of units of the
phonologic level of language. It engages in theallocation
of phonological
differential signs, defining their universality, study of thephonological structure
of languages, classification of languages on the basis of their phonological
features (e.g. tonic and atonic languages), defining thephonemic structure of
world languages and many others. For a long time,the Prague linguistic school
was the center of Phonological typology.
A certain contribution to thedevelopment of
Phonological
typology
was
made
by
N.S.Trubetskoywho is considered the founder
of
Typology
of
Phonological
systems.
R.Yakobson, G.Fant, M.Halle also worked in
this area. Later
other sides of Phonological
typology were developed by such scientists as
Ch.
Hockett,
K.Vegelin,
T.Milevsky,
P.Menzerat,
V.Skalichka,
A.Martine,
M.I.Lekomtseva,
T.J.EUzarenkova,
Abduazizov A.A., G.P.Melnikov,and others.
Major achievements of Phonological
typology relate to the allocated cases pho-
nologic
universals,
N.S.Trubetskoy's
differential
signs,
I.Kramskoy,
P.Kovaleva's quantitative criteria, supra-segmental typological classification on
tone and accent by A.Martine's, numerous researches on a
comparison of
phonological systems of various languages.
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The circle of research in
Morphological typology
is very wide. It compares
the units of a morphological level. Depending on the character of research the
morphological typology can classify into two types:
Morphological typology engaged in the morphological
classification
of languages;
Morphological typology engaged in particular questions of
grammar, i.e. parts of speech and their grammatical categories.
The first one is a continuation of traditional
typological classification
engaged in defining language types according to
different principles and criteria.
The second type of Morphological typology
deals
with
private/individual
subjects
of
comparison: grammatical categories in various
languages, defining ways of their expression,
morphological markers, synonymous relations of
affixational morphemes and syntactic words
(prepositions and postpositions), comparison of
primary grammatical categories/parts of speech
(nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs,
numerals and others), comparison of grammatical
categories of certain lexical and grammatical
categories of words (case, number, definiteness,
transitivity - intransitivity, time, aspect,
causation,
mood, modality, etc.). Morphemes may serve major
units of measurement in Morphological typology.
Morphological typology compares the specified
phenomena in the systems of both related and non-
related languages. The comparison might include
revealing morphological universals as well as a binary
comparison of two languages. Morphological typology
has accumulated a serious bulk of data both for
Comparative typology
and on separate concrete
languages. Major scholars who dealt with the issues of Morphological typology
are R. Yakobson, L. E Jеlmsiev, L.N. Zasorina, B.A. Uspenskiy, M.M.
Gukhman, P.L Garvina and many others.
Syntactic typology
engages in acomparison of syntactic level units. The basic
units for comparison are word-combination and the sentence. Depending on the
character of research Syntactic typology may fall into several sections:
comparison of units of a word-combination, the level of the sentence, as well
as comparison of units of various levels with regards to their syntactic
functioning. Syntactic typology usually compares languages on the basis of
atransformationalsyntax.
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Still, there is no comprehensive list of topics related
to the
subject matter of Syntactic
typology. Some of them are: definition
of the subject-matter and volume of
Syntactic typology, elaborationof basic
criteria and a meta language, border
lines between
syntactic typology and
other
branches
of
Comparative
Typology, defining syntactic universals,
study of syntax of world languages
(genetically
or
structurally
related
languages), definition of types of syntactic connection
(attributive, predicative, etc.), definition of sentence types in languages, basic
syntactic categories, classification of types of languages
on the basis of their
syntactic structure and many others.
I.I. Meshchaninov, J.V. Rojdestvenskiy C.E. Bazell, T. Milevsky, V.S.
Hrakovskiy, contributed a lot to theelaboration of different aspects of Syntactic
typology.
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