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cognitive bias 
in observing with our senses (we see only what we know 
and understand) and our 
notational bias 
(what we measure without using our senses is subject to 
the bias of the measurement methods used). 
(b) 
Relativism also highlights differences in 
cultural beliefs
. For example, all cultures may say that it 
is wrong to kill innocents, but different cultures may have different beliefs about who innocents 
actually are. 
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CHAPTER 19
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ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
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(c) 
It can be argued that differing absolutist beliefs result in 
moral conflict 
between people. 
(Relativist) ethics should act to resolve such conflicts.
(d) 
In the global economy, where companies conduct businesses in many different countries and 
cultures, adopting a relativist approach presumes 
more flexibility
and therefore greater success. 
3.3.3 Criticisms of relativism
(a) 
Put simply, strong relativism is a based on a 
fundamental contradiction
. The statement that 'All 
statements are relative' is itself an absolute, non-relative statement. However, it is possible to 
argue that some universal truths (certain laws of physics) exist, but deny other supposedly 
objective truths.
(b) 
A common criticism of relativism, particularly by religious leaders, is that it leads to a 
philosophy 
of 'anything goes'
, denying the existence of morality and permitting activities that are harmful to 
others. 
(c) 
Alternatively some critics have argued for the existence of 
natural moral laws 
(discussed below). 
These are not necessarily religious laws. The atheist scientist Richard Dawkins has argued in 
favour of natural laws.
(d) 
Ideas such as