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Damage to reputation 
– the risk that customers and suppliers may view the organisation as a 
potentially risky partner to deal with.
(c) 
Loss of faith by customers 
– customers may fear that they will be affected by a cyber-attack 
themselves through the organisation in future. 
(d) 
Disruption to the organisation 
– the risk that operations will either be reduced or entirely cease 
due to the attack. For example, an attack may affect the organisation’s financial systems that 
allow it to pay suppliers or collect money from customers. 
6.4.2 Types of cyber attack 
The table below contains examples of the common types of cyber-attack. 
Type of cyber attack 
Description 
Phishing 
The cyber-attacker sends emails to the victim 
which appear to be from a trusted source, for 
example a bank. The emails request the victim 
sends back security information (such as 
usernames and passwords) and personal details 
and uses them to steal funds from the victim. 
Pharming 
The cyber-attacker targets an organisation's 
website by automatically redirecting visitors from 
the organisation’s website to a bogus website. The 
intention is to collect data in order to commit fraud 
and is similar to phishing. 
Hacking 
The cyber-attacker uses specialist software and 
other tools to gain unauthorised access to an 
organisation’s computer system and take 
administrative control. Such control allows them to 
view and copy system records, as well as amend 
or delete information that they find. Some hackers 
may try to stop the system working altogether. 
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CHAPTER 9
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CONTROL, SECURITY AND AUDIT