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The third level
. Beneath values and beliefs lie 
assumptions
: foundational ideas ('unspoken rules') 
that are no longer consciously recognised or questioned by the culture, but which 'program' its 
ways of thinking and behaving. 
BEHAVIOUR
AND
ATTITUDES
PROFESSED CULTURE
ASSUMPTIONS
(inbuilt and shared beliefs and values)
 
3
Organisation culture 
3.1 Manifestations of culture in organisations 
Organisation culture is 
'the way we do things round here'
(Schein, 1985). 
Examples of organisation culture include the following. 
Item 
Example 
Beliefs and values
, 
which are often 
unquestioned 
'The customer is always right'. 
Behaviour
In the City of London, standard business dress is still generally taken for 
granted and even 'dress down Fridays' have their rules. 
Artefacts
Microsoft encourages communication between employees by setting aside 
spaces for the purpose. 
Rituals
In some firms, salespeople compete with each other, and there is a reward, 
given at a ceremony, for the salesperson who does best in any period. 
Symbols
Corporate logos are an example of symbols, but they are directed outwards. 
Within the organisation, symbols can represent power: dress, make and 
model of car, office size and equipment and access to facilities can all be 
important symbols. 
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CHAPTER 6
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ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND COMMITTEES 
 
165 
Manifestations of culture 
in an organisation may thus include: 

How formal the organisation structure is 

Communication: are senior managers approachable? 

Office 
layout 

The type of people employed 

Symbols, legends, corporate myths 

Management 
style 

Freedom for subordinates to show initiative 

Attitudes to quality 

Attitudes to risk 

Attitudes to the customer 

Attitudes to technology