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The blender
Why does this happen? To encode information means to convert data
into, well, a code. Information is translated from one form into another so
that it can be transmitted. From a physiological perspective, the brain must
translate external sources of energy (sights, sounds, etc.) into electrical
patterns the brain can understand. The brain then stores these patterns in
separate areas. Here’s an example.
One night I stayed with a friend who owned a beautiful lake cabin
inhabited by a very large and hairy dog. Late next morning, I decided to go
out and play fetch with this friendly animal. I made the mistake of throwing
the stick into the lake and, not owning a dog in those days, had no idea what
was about to happen to me. Like some friendly sea monster from Disney,
the dog leapt from the water, ran at me full speed, suddenly stopped, then
started to shake violently. With no real sense that I should have moved, I
got sopping wet. To the brain, this story is all about energy and electricity.
My eyes picked up patterns of photons, or light, bouncing off the
Labrador. Instantly, my brain converted them into patterns of electrical
activity and routed the signals to the visual cortex in my occipital lobe.
Now my brain can see the dog. In the initial moments of this learning, my
brain transformed the energy of light into an electrical language it fully
understands. My ears picked up the sound waves of the dog’s loud bark. My
brain converted the energy of the sound waves into the same brain-friendly
electrical language. Then it routed them as well, but to the auditory cortex
instead of the visual cortex. From a neuron’s perspective, those two centers
are a million miles away from each other. Any energy source—from the
feel of the sun on my skin to the instant I unexpectedly and unhappily got
soaked—goes through this conversion and routing process.
Encoding involves all of our senses, and their processing centers are
scattered throughout the brain. Hence, the blender concept. In one 10-
second encounter with an overly friendly dog, the brain recruits hundreds of
different brain regions and coordinates the electrical activity of millions of
neurons, encoding a single episode over vast neural differences.
Hard to believe, isn’t it? The world appears to you as a unified whole.
So how does your brain keep track of everything, and then how does it
reunite all the elements to produce this perception of continuity? It is a
question that has bothered researchers for years. It is called the “binding
problem,” from the idea that certain thoughts are bound together in the
brain to provide continuity. We have very little insight into how the brain
routinely and effortlessly gives us this illusion of stability.
Effortless vs. effortful processing
There’s another way the brain decides how to encode information.
Encoding when viewed from a psychological perspective is the manner in
which we apprehend, pay attention to, and organize information so that we
can store it. It is one of the many intellectual processes Kim Peek was so
darn good at. The brain chooses among several types of encoding, and the
ease with which we remember something depends in part on process used
for encoding.
Automatic processing
Some years ago, I attended an amazing Paul McCartney concert. If you
were to ask me what I had for dinner before the concert and what happened
onstage, I could tell you about both events in great detail. Though the actual
memory is very complex (composed of spatial locations, sequences of
events, sights, smells, tastes, etc.), I did not have to write down some
exhaustive list of its varied experiences, then try to remember the list in
detail just in case you asked me about my evening.
This is because my brain deployed a type of encoding scientists call
automatic processing. Automatic processing occurs with glorious
unintentionality, requiring minimal attention or effort. The brain appears to
use this type of encoding in cases where we can visualize the information
we encounter. (Automatic processing is often associated with being able to
recall the physical location of the information, what came before it, and
what came after it.) It is very easy to recall data that have been encoded via
this process. The memories seem bound all together into a cohesive, readily
retrievable form.
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