Webster's New World Medical Dictionary

vertical
Upright, as opposed to horizontal.
Appendix B
Anatomic Orientation Terms
In anatomy, certain terms are used to denote orientation. For example, a structure may be horizontal, as
opposed to vertical. Commonly used anatomic orientation terms include the following:
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ascorbic acid
Vitamin C.
beta carotene
Not actually a vitamin but a plant
pigment that is a precursor of vitamin A. Beta
carotene is an antioxidant that protects cells against
oxidative damage that may predispose a person to
cancer. Beta carotene is converted to the oil-soluble
vitamin A, as needed. Food sources include vegeta-
bles such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach and
other leafy green vegetables; and fruits such as can-
taloupes and apricots. Excessive carotene can tem-
porarily yellow the skin, an innocuous condition
called carotenemia that is commonly seen in infants
who have been fed large amounts of mashed carrots.
bioflavinoid
Vitamin P.
biotin
Vitamin H.
calciferol
Vitamin D2.
cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3.
cobalamin
Vitamin B12.
folic acid
A member of the water-soluble, B vita-
min family that is essential for cell growth and pro-
liferation and for the proper utilization of vitamin
B12 and vitamin C. Folic acid is an important factor
in nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) synthesis. It is found
in leafy green vegetables, liver and other organ
meats, and whole grains. Deficiency of folic acid can
lead to slow growth, diarrhea, oral inflammation, a
decrease in all types of blood cells (pancytopenia),
and megaloblastic anemia (anemia with abnormally
large red blood cells). Inadequate folic acid during
pregnancy raises the risk of neural tube defects in
the fetus and of miscarriages. Also known as folate.
Nonpregnant adults require 200 micrograms of folic
acid per day. For pregnant women, typically 1 mg
daily is recommend in the form of prenatal multi-
vitamins.