SOVIET RULE AND THE DELINEATION OF BORDERS 95
the Turkestan committee. In addition to these organizations, many other national,
professional, and political associations also sprang up, from time to time entering
into coalitions and even influencing the course of events.
The alliance among this diverse array of forces
that emerged following the
February Revolution was based upon the Kerensky government’s recognition that
all citizens of Russia enjoyed equal rights, and its commitment to hold general
elections for a Constitutional Assembly based on proportional representation. This
satisfied the liberal parties, which viewed democracy as their political goal, and
also the various socialist forces that sought to increase the representation of the
lowest classes. This also pleased non-Russian elites, particularly Muslims, since it
could significantly enhance their influence in the capital and possibly gain a degree
of control over the former colonial territories on the periphery.
At the same time, a tough struggle broke out among and within the parties over
leadership, the future organization of Turkestan, and related societal reforms. This
continued throughout 1917. Some Muslim leaders leaned toward socialism, others
supported the type of modernization promoted by the Young Turks in the waning
Ottoman Empire, and still others sought to institute rule based on sharia law. As
ideological and factional clashes sharpened in Petrograd, the struggle intensified
in Turkestan as well. It was also fed by social tensions that arose from cutbacks in
the delivery of the wheat on which Turkestan depended, and the subsequent spread
of hunger. All of this
reinforced mutual suspicions,
accusations, and hostility.
At the beginning of October 1917, reports reached Turkestan that Bolsheviks
and Left Socialist Revolutionaries had organized an armed uprising. This called
to action the Tashkent-based Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. Using its
influence among the troops, the Soviet expelled the Turkestan Committee, which
had lost its legitimacy, and proclaimed a new authority comprised of leftist radi-
cals but including no representative from among the Muslims. On November 15,
1917 the left-wing parties from Tashkent held a Third Regional Congress of the
Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. This assembly explicitly declared that
“Muslim participation in the highest revolutionary bodies is for now unacceptable
due to the complete uncertainty that exists regarding the attitude of the indigenous
population toward the Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. It is also ruled
out because the indigenous population has no proletarian class organizations of the
kind that the Bolsheviks would be prepared to welcome into the highest regional
authority.”
3
In November the soviets created a new
administrative body called
the Turkestan Council of People’s Commissars, with a Russian Bolshevik named
Fedor Kolesov as its chairman.
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