principals show that these schools are warmer, more democratic, and are
characterized by higher student achievement and higher pupil and parental
satisfaction.
17.
False:
Although girls get better grades than boys, they receive less verbal praise
from teachers. When girls do get praise from teachers, it is likely to be for
neatness and appearance. (“That’s an attractive paper.” “You have very neat
handwriting.”) In contrast, when boys get praise, it is more likely to be for the
intellectual quality of their ideas. Not only do teachers praise boys more, but
they also criticize them more, ask them more questions, and give them more
attention in general.
18.
False:
Women are far more likely to smile than men. They do this in many
different social situations, even though they are not necessarily happy or
amused. In one field study, researchers smiled at approximately 150 males and
150 females in public. In general, women returned the smiles more often than
men. Women returned the smiles to men 93 percent of the time and to other
women 86 percent of the time. Males smiled back at women 67 percent of the
time, and they returned smiles to men 58 percent of the time.
From Myra Sadker and Joyce Kaser, The Communications Gender Gap, Mid-Atlantic
Center for Sex Equity, 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Suite 308, Washington, DC
20016, 1984.
CHAPTER 13: USING TEAMS
Judging on the basis of research conducted by J. Richard Hackman and others, all the
statements are false.
1. An emphasis on individual accountability essentially undermines any effort to
develop a team.
2. Complete authority is likely to lead to anarchy. Limits should be set.
3. Teams should be kept small, should have clear boundaries, and should have an
enabling structure that ensures member motivation.
4. Teams need coaching, counseling, and support at certain intervals during their
functioning.
5. The start-up period is critical, which is why managers must spend time and
energy coaching and counseling the team during this period. Once the team
gets going, the manager should pull back until the team reaches a natural
break or completes a performance cycle.
6. Training is absolutely critical and should be done before the team is assembled
or shortly thereafter. If the needed skills and knowledge change, management
should be ready to assist in training to help the team learn the new skills and
acquire the new knowledge quickly.
7. Providing support for teams is difficult. A reward system must recognize and
reinforce team performance, an educational system must provide needed skills
and knowledge, an information system must provide necessary information,
and physical and fiscal resources must be available as needed.
8. Teams need some structure to work effectively.
9. The opposite is true. Managers should set the direction and establish wide limits
on constraints, whereas the means to the end should be determined by the team.
10. Teams cannot effectively be used in organizations that have strong individualistic
cultures.
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