Android Operating System: Architecture, Security Challenges and Solutions



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AndroidOperatingSystem

 
 
 
 



Kernel and Startup Process 
 
It is paramount to reiterate that while Android is based on Linux 2.6, Android does not utilize a standard 
Linux kernel [04],[08]. Hence, an Android device should not be labeled a Linux solution per se. Some of 
the Android specific kernel enhancements include: 

alarm driver (provides timers to wakeup devices) 

shared memory driver (ashmem) 

binder (for inter-process communication), 

power management (which takes a more aggressive approach than the Linux PM 

solution) 

low memory killer 

kernel debugger and logger 
During the Android boot process, the Android Linux kernel component first calls the 
init 
process 
(compared to standard Linux, nothing unusual there). The 
init 
process accesses the
 
files 
init.rc 
and 
init.device.rc 
(
init.device.rc 
is device specific). Out of the 
init.rc 
file, a process
 
labeled 
zygote 
is started. 
The 
zygote 
process loads the core Java classes, and performs the
 
initial processing steps. These Java 
classes can be reused by Android applications and hence,
 
this step expedites the overall startup process. 
After the initial load process, 
zygote 
idles on a
 
socket and waits for further requests.
 
Every Android application runs in its own process environment. A special driver labeled the 
binder 
allows 
for (efficient) inter-process communications (IPC). Actual objects are stored in shared memory. By 
utilizing shared memory, IPC is being optimized, as less data has to be transferred. Compared to most 
Linux or UNIX environments, Android does not provide any swap space. Hence, the amount of virtual 
memory is governed by the amount of physical memory available on the device [03]. 

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