READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend 20 minutes on
Questions 1-13
, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL ASTRONOMY
Research is revealing a complex and functional astronomical knowledge used by
Aboriginal people, Australia`s indigenous people, to navigate, find food and mark
seasonal changes.
A
Australia`s
Aboriginal people, living under a dazzling canopy of constellations,
absorbed the night skies into their cultural, social and spiritual life. The position of the
stars, the motion of the planets, and astronomical events such as comets, meteorites and
eclipses have informed their cosmology and traditions. “Spirituality, sacred law, kinship,
cultural rules about who you can marry, where you can go, what you can do, how society
works…all of this social structure is written in the stars”,
says Dr Duane Hamacher, a
lecturer at the Nura Gilli Indigenous Programs Unit at the University of New South Wales,
Australia.
B
Hamacher, working closely with Aboriginal elders, is uncovering a wealth of
astronomical knowledge. He takes the example of the Pleiades, one of the closest star
clusters to Earth. He explains that the Pleiades rise early in the morning, just before the
sun comes up, and are visible for about 15 minutes. This signals the time at which flowers
appear
on one type of tree, the start of winter, and the orca* migrating north. These
observations indicate that the early Aboriginal astronomers took an intellectual approach
that sought meaning in, and application of, astronomical phenomena. And no more is this
evidenced than in how they used this knowledge to navigate their vast, and sometimes
featureless, island continent.
C
Professor Ray Norris, an astrophysicist at the Australian Telescope National Facility
and adjunct professor in Indigenous Astronomy
at Macquarie University, Sydney,
recounts an occasion while bushwalking with Bill Yidumduma Harney , an Aboriginal
elder : `Bill can name about 5000 stars. Most Western astronomers can name only 20 or
30 on a good day …He looks up at the sky and knows how it charges with the seasons,
with the time, in ways I don’t actually quite understand. And for him it’s completely intuitive
…. he looks at the sky and knows it reflects what’s on the land.
William Stevens, an Aboriginal astronomy guide who conducts the Dreamtime **
Astronomy tour at Sydney Observatory , explains how some Aboriginal people use the
constellation of Scorpius for navigation: `We don’t see a scorpion ; it’s actually
a map for
us, says Stevens, adding that people use the stars to travel from one clan group to
another.
D
Norris considers the study of Aboriginal astronomy an
opportunity for Aboriginal
communities to gain access to information that may have been lost after European
colonization of Australia. This giving back of knowledge as Norris describes it ,’could
promote community pride and provide educational material
for young Aboriginal people,.
This could also provide an opportunity to
help
foster
a
better
understanding and appreciation as Aboriginal culture among the wider Australian society.
E
Perhaps the most beguiling application of astronomical observation is associated
with the behavior of one Australia’s most iconic birds, the emu. `The Emu in the Sky`, as
it is called, describes a carving that is clearly visible on a rock located in Ku-ring-gai Chase
National Park, north of Sydney. It depicts an emu is somewhat unnatural position for a
real emu, with the legs folded behind it. That is, until it is observed that there is a huge
and dark shape in one of the `dark` areas of the Milky Way that resembles an emu. This
`emu` swings around the sky each night, its starting point at dusk changing as the year
goes by and the season change. In April the body of the `Emu in the Sky` reaches a
certain angle, and people know it is the season to go and find fresh emu eggs, a rich
highly valued food source. When the angle of the representation of the emu on the rock
face matches the `Emu in the Sky`, the harvest might begin. The folded legs signify that
the emu is sitting on the nest.
The Emu in the sky exemplifies one of the key principles of Aboriginal cultures: what is in
the sky is of what is on Earth. Aboriginal people also apply this concept to construct
annual calendars.
Often based on six seasons, Aboriginal calendars are relatively
complex and are generally constructed from the heliacal rising of stars (i.e when the star
first becomes visible above eastern horizon for a brief moment just before sunrise)
F
Dr Philip Clarke of federation University Australia has documented how tha Kaurna
Aboriginal people of South Australia use the rising of they call Parna ,one of the brightest
stars in the night sky .Its appearance just before sunrise indicates that the hot ,dry
summer is ending and the autumn rains will soon arrive .The lands of Kaurna include the
ADELAIDE Plains ,which are prone to flooding .Therefore ,knowledge of when the arrival
of autumn is imminent allows them time to build their large, waterproof huts ,which are
known as wurlies.
Not only were the positions and movements of individual stars used to predict seasonal
changes, the scintillation of stars also informs Aboriginal astronomers of a change in the
weather or season.” They can tell by the degree of how much the star twinkles or changes
colour to gauge the amount of moisture in the atmosphere”, explains Hamacher. “They
then know wheter a storm is approaching or the wet season is coming”.
G
It is clear that aboriginal cultures contain a wealth of astronomical knowledge. This
knowledge incorporates a deep and sophisticated understanding celestial and terrestrial
events and should be viewed through the prism of an interconnected world-view: a
paradigm in which the Aboriginal people saw themselves
not a separate external
observer, but integral component of nature and the universe.
* orca – a type of whale
** Dreamtime – the time of the creation of Earth, the sun and stars according to Australian
Aboriginal people
*** scintillation - twinkling