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Further focal points of the seminar were therefore:
-
discussion of the problems of migration data,
-
a historical analysis of the links between the stance of states vis-à-vis
immigrants, the
political measures taken and the degree of success of integration processes.
4.1. Apprehending the situation as regards migration
The example of the Federal Republic of Germany reveals that, contrary
to prevailing public
opinion, the migration situation is very much the result of immigration
and
emigration:
Forms of immigration to the Federal Republic of Germany
Immigration and emigration in 1998
The fact that data are recorded differently is a major problem. Where migration from other
countries is concerned, for example, the definition of "foreigner" varies in national statistics.
This makes comparison between different European states more difficult.
It is interesting to
take a look at immigration in absolute terms and the so-called "immigration rate" - insofar, as
always when using statistical data, as the categories are properly
checked to avoid any
misinterpretations. This also provides teachers with a means of fostering method-based
knowledge and critical analysis. In addition
to specialist publications, recognised
organisations
10
provide data and additional links, also available on the following web-sites:
Internet addresses (selection)
http://www.statistik-bund.de
(Statistisches Bundesamt, Germany)
http://www.unine.ch/fsm/mission_d.htm
(Swiss Forum for migration studies)
http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/eurostat/eurostat.html
(Statistical Information Office of the European Communities)
http://www.unicc.org/unece/stats/stats_h.htm
(United Nations /Economic Commission for Europe)
http://www.cemes.org
(Centre for European Migration and Ethnic Studies)
http://www.igc.ch/framstat.htm
(Inter-Governmental Consultations on Asylum, Refugee and Migration Policies in Europe, North
America and Australia)
http://www.ercomer.org
(European Research Centre for Migration and Ethnic Relations)
http://coombs.anu.edu.au/ResFacilities/DemographyPage.html
(The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Demography & Population Studies)
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The European Centre for Migration Studies of Bamberg University, for example, publishes a CD-ROM
containing differentiated data and other material on the migration situation
in the Federal Republic of
Germany.
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4.2. Means of integration in different European countries
(cf the full text of the contribution by
Prof. Heckmann appended)
European societies have known many diverse immigration phenomena since the end of the
Second World War. The illusion that immigration is a passing problem
is giving way to the
assessment that the integration of new groups is becoming a long-term task. That task
represents a challenge to established ideas on the formation and identity of a nation and on the
welfare state.
Was does "integration" mean? It is the incorporation of new population groups in existing social
structures and the integration of those groups in the existing system of socio-economic, legal
and cultural relations; a process that generally lasts longer than one generation. The following
sub-headings can be distinguished:
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