The Rules of Sociological


participants perceived the precise causes. To explain phenomena



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Durkheim Emile The Rules of Sociological Method 1982


participants perceived the precise causes. To explain phenomena 
such as religious prohibitions, such as the 
patria potestas 
of the 
Romans, would you accept as well founded the reasons for them 
given by the Roman legal experts? 
How can facts of this nature be explained unless by ah ex­
perimental method which proceeds slowly and objectively? What 
can individual consciousness indeed know about the causes of facts 
so considerable and so complex? 


SEIGNOBOS: 
We are not talking about the same facts. 

am speaking 
simply about events, historical facts which have occurred only 
once. 
DURKHEIM: 
But what would be said about a biologist who consi­
dered his science as merely a story about the events of the human 
body, without studying the functions of that organism? What is 
more, you yourself have spoken about religions, customs and 
institutions. 
SEIGNOBOS: 
I hilVe spoken about them as sec;ond-order phenomena 
which impinge upo� the historian, but concerning which he 
already feels much more ill at ease. 
DURKHEIM: 
But you can understand absolutely nothing about 
events as such, about facts, developments and changes, you cannot 
understand what you call first-order phenomena, unless above all 
you know the religions and institqtions which are the physiological 
framework of society. 
SEIGNOBOS: 
That's as may be. 
DURKHEIM: 
At least you acknowledge that, as regard& institutions, 
beliefs and customs, the conscious motives of the participants no 
longer enjoy th� privileged place that you ascribe to them as 
regards e�ents? 


214 
Writings of Durkheim on Sociology and its Meth9d 
SEIGNOBOS: 
I am not saying here that the participants' hypotheses 
are worthless, I am saying that there must be a lot more critical 
thought before these motives are allowed, for there again it is the 
conscious motives that we touch upon first. 
DURKHEIM: SO , 
in any case, what the historian really arrives at are 
the conscious causes? And everything else remains a closed book 
to him? 
SEIGNOBOS: 
Not entirely a closed book, but more so than what is 
conscious. 
DURKHEIM: SO 
the causes which are most immediately available to 
the historian are the inner motives, such as they appear to the 
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