contexts, satisfaction with something (e.g. a negotiation, a product, an organization)
always arises by comparing internal expectations with the assessment of the object
of reference. If the assessment of the object of reference (in negotiations: the
negotiated gain) meets or exceeds internal expectations (negotiation goals), this
results in satisfaction, while dissatisfaction is recorded if expectations are not met.
These fundamental relationships also apply in the context of a negotiation. How-
ever, negotiations also involve additional variables and relationships, which com-
plicate the understanding of the development of satisfaction, as illustrated in Fig.
5
.
For a start, this includes the importance of the
negotiation goals
, which
represents the internal expectations in the development of satisfaction. Negotiators
that set higher goals also negotiate more relentlessly, attempt to identify more
options for efficient contracts and achieve higher individual gains, on average,
than those with lower objectives. However, several empirical studies have shown
(Geiger
2007
, p. 212 et seq.,
2014
) that, in comparable situations, negotiators with a
much higher individual gain were significantly less satisfied than those with a lower
gain, so perception and reality have been reversed in their case. This is due to the
effect of the negotiation goal on the negotiated gain and the development of
satisfaction: on the one hand, as a benchmark, it has a direct negative effect on
satisfaction, while on the other hand, it has an indirect positive influence through
the individual gain. If the direct negative influence on satisfaction is greater than the
indirect positive influence, negotiated gain and satisfaction systematically fall
apart.
A second mechanism in the development of negotiation satisfaction lies in the
fact that, in addition to their internal objectives, negotiators sometimes also
(unknowingly) include additional reference points to evaluate their own result of
the negotiation. These may include the satisfaction or the negotiated gain of the
counterpart (Geiger
2014
), if these figures are available. The development of
satisfaction is then also subject to a social comparison (Thompson et al.
1995
,
p. 469). If the perceived satisfaction or the presumed negotiation gain of the
counterpart is high, this initiates a process of counterfactual thinking (Galinsky
et al.
2002
, p. 272): The high satisfaction (or high gain) of the counterpart leads the
negotiator to conclude that he or she could have “got more out of” the negotiation
Counterpart's
negotiation gain
Internal negotiation goal
Individual negotiation gain
Satisfaction
with the negotiation
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