A DEVELOPMENTALLY INFORMED,
SYSTEMIC MODEL OF REUNIFICATION
It is possible to piece together the disparate literatures concerned with
attachment security (chapter 5), visitation resistance and refusal (chap-
ter 10), relocation and involuntary separations (chapter 11), and reunifi-
cation in the context of social service removal (the present chapter),
so as to propose the necessary (even if not sufficient) components of
an optimal parent–child reunification process:
208
Part III
Topics in Separation, Visitation, and Reunification
1.
Prevention must be the priority in every instance possible.
It
will always be more cost-effective and child-centered to intervene with
at-risk families in an effort to avoid unnecessary separation than to
remove a child to foster care and try to work toward reunification.
We know a great deal about so-called, “family preservation programs”
(Littel & Schuerman, 2002; see also: Bribitzer & Verdieck, 1988; Ensign,
1991; Feldman, 1990; Fraser, Pecora, & Haapala, 1991; Gershenson,
1991; Ratterman, Dodson, & Hardin, 1987; Schwartz, AuClaire, &
Harris, 1991).
13
Unfortunately, we live in a squeaky-wheel society, a
harsh reality that means that finite resources are seldom allocated before
a problem erupts or, worse, before it reaches crisis proportions. As the
federal government’s General Accounting Office summarized in 1993:
In 1981, the ratio of foster care expenditures to child welfare services
appropriations was about 2 to 1; by 1992, this ratio was 8 to 1. Moreover,
declining state revenues, compounded by burgeoning foster care caseloads
and costs, have largely exhausted state moneys that could otherwise be
used for family preservation services.
Tragically, by 2004, little had changed for the better. According to New
Orleans Juvenile Court Judge Ernestine Gray (2004, p. 182), “[w]e
must take steps to keep children from coming into the system. Both
for the children and for society, it is far better to prevent the harm
from happening than to have to repair the damage.”
How do we go about prevention? Two central points resonate
throughout this book: education and support. When schools and
churches, synagogues and mosques, daycare centers and even grocery
stores provide parents with materials and opportunities to learn about
better parenting, children benefit. Sadly, proactive efforts focusing on
parenting education, and child and family development routinely strug-
gle to fund their programs, in part because limited social service budgets
are being drained at the other end of the system, on children and parents
already deeply entrenched in the sytem.
Education seldom succeeds without support. The second global
emphasis of this book is on the flow of emotional resources within
families. For parents to successfully fill their children’s emotional gas
tanks, they must be certain to fill their own. Adult supports in the form
of counseling and psychotherapy, clerical and lay ministry, groups and
clubs and chatrooms and parent support groups serve this purpose.
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