Potassium (K)
Potassium exists in the form of K
+
in plants and plays an important role in
the controlling of osmotic pressure in plant cells. It also activates enzymes
included in breathing and photosynthesis. If it is deicient, leaves become
stained and chlorosis on leaf margins and necrosis between venations of the
leaf apex occurs. As potassium can transfer to young leaves, problems begin
with mature leaves and progress to the basal end of plants, so leaves become
rolled and shrunk.
Calcium (Ca)
Calcium is used for formation of spindle ibers during synthesis of new cell
walls and cell division in the form of Ca
2+
. It is also a signal transmitter of
various responses of plants to normal functions of plant cell membrane and
hormone signals. Its deiciency causes necrosis in tissues with fast cell divi-
sion such as at the ends of young leaves. In slow-growing plants, chlorosis
occurs irst and new leaves are rolled downward, showing malformation.
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