…………………………
- 60 -
REFERENCES
1. Watson JD, Crick FH (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for
deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171:737-738
2. (2004) Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 431:931-
945
3. Wandstrat A, Wakeland E (2001) The genetics of complex autoimmune diseases:
non-MHC susceptibility genes. Nature immunology 2:802-809
4. Deapen D, Escalante A, Weinrib L, Horwitz D, Bachman B, Roy-Burman P, Walker
A, Mack TM (1992) A revised estimate of twin concordance in systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 35:311-318
5. Silman AJ, MacGregor AJ, Thomson W, Holligan S, Carthy D, Farhan A, Ollier WE
(1993) Twin concordance rates for rheumatoid arthritis: results from a
nationwide study. British journal of rheumatology 32:903-907
6. Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, et
al. (2007) A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million
SNPs. Nature 449:851-861
7. Wang DG, Fan JB, Siao CJ, Berno A, Young P, Sapolsky R, Ghandour G, et al.
(1998) Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-
nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science 280:1077-1082
8. Bentley DR, Balasubramanian S, Swerdlow HP, Smith GP, Milton J, Brown CG,
Hall KP, et al. (2008) Accurate whole human genome sequencing using
reversible terminator chemistry. Nature 456:53-59
9. Zhang F, Gu W, Hurles ME, Lupski JR (2009) Copy number variation in human
health, disease, and evolution. Annual review of genomics and human genetics
10:451-481
10. Crow JF (1988) Eighty years ago: the beginnings of population genetics. Genetics
119:473-476
11. Wigginton JE, Cutler DJ, Abecasis GR (2005) A note on exact tests of Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium. American journal of human genetics 76:887-893
12. Pritchard JK, Przeworski M (2001) Linkage disequilibrium in humans: models and
data. American journal of human genetics 69:1-14
13. Lewontin RC (1964) The Interaction of Selection and Linkage. I. General
Considerations; Heterotic Models. Genetics 49:49-67
14. Jimenez S, Cervera R, Font J, Ingelmo M (2003) The epidemiology of systemic
lupus erythematosus. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 25:3-12
15. Stahl-Hallengren C, Jonsen A, Nived O, Sturfelt G (2000) Incidence studies of
systemic lupus erythematosus in Southern Sweden: increasing age, decreasing
frequency of renal manifestations and good prognosis. The Journal of
rheumatology 27:685-691
16. Dubois EL (1974) The clinical picture of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Dubois
EL (ed) Lupus erythematosus. University of South California Press, Los
Angeles, pp 232-242
- 61 -
17. Beeson PB (1994) Age and sex associations of 40 autoimmune diseases. Am J Med
96:457-462
18. McMurray RW, May W (2003) Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus:
review and meta-analysis. Arthritis and rheumatism 48:2100-2110
19. Masi AT, Kaslow RA (1978) Sex effects in systemic lupus erythematosus: a clue to
pathogenesis. Arthritis and rheumatism 21:480-484
20. Ansar Ahmed S, Penhale WJ, Talal N (1985) Sex hormones, immune responses, and
autoimmune diseases. Mechanisms of sex hormone action. Am J Pathol
121:531-551
21. Lahita RG (1986) Sex and age in systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Lahita RG (ed)
Systemic lupus erythematosus. John Wiley, New York, pp 523-539
22. McMurray RW (2001) Estrogen, prolactin, and autoimmunity: actions and
interactions. Int Immunopharmacol 1:995-1008
23. Tanriverdi F, Silveira LF, MacColl GS, Bouloux PM (2003) The hypothalamic-
pituitary-gonadal axis: immune function and autoimmunity. J Endocrinol
176:293-304
24. Beaumont V, Gioud-Paquet M, Kahn MF, Beaumont JL (1989) Antiestrogen
antibodies, oral contraception and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Physiol
Biochem 7:263-268
25. Jungers P, Dougados M, Pelissier C, Kuttenn F, Tron F, Lesavre P, Bach JF (1982)
Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 25:618-623
26. Garovich M, Agudelo C, Pisko E (1980) Oral contraceptives and systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 23:1396-1398
27. Mund A, Simson J, Rothfield N (1963) Effect of pregnancy on course of systemic
lupus erythematosus. Jama 183:917-920
28. Hayslett JP, Reece EA (1985) Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Clin
Perinatol 12:539-550
29. Jungers P, Dougados M, Pelissier C, Kuttenn F, Tron F, Lesavre P, Bach JF (1982)
Lupus nephropathy and pregnancy. Report of 104 cases in 36 patients. Arch
Intern Med 142:771-776
30. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J, Khamashta MA, Simpson J, Hughes GR,
Buchanan NM (1996) Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the
puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies. British journal of
rheumatology 35:133-138
31. Lockshin MD (1989) Pregnancy does not cause systemic lupus erythematosus to
worsen. Arthritis and rheumatism 32:665-670
32. Petri M, Howard D, Repke J (1991) Frequency of lupus flare in pregnancy. The
Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center experience. Arthritis and rheumatism
34:1538-1545
33. Steinberg AD, Steinberg BJ (1985) Lupus disease activity associated with menstrual
cycle. The Journal of rheumatology 12:816-817
34. Petri M, Robinson C (1997) Oral contraceptives and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis and rheumatism 40:797-803
35. Petri M (2008) Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 17:412-415
- 62 -
36. Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M,
Reveille JD, Alarcon GS, Vila LM, Reid J, Harris B, Li S, Kelly JA, Harley JB
(2008) Klinefelter's syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus
patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome.
Arthritis and rheumatism 58:2511-2517
37. Rahman A (2004) Autoantibodies, lupus and the science of sabotage. Rheumatology
(Oxford, England) 43:1326-1336
38. Greaves M, Cohen H, MacHin SJ, Mackie I (2000) Guidelines on the investigation
and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. British journal of
haematology 109:704-715
39. Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, Scofield RH, Dennis GJ, James JA,
Harley JB (2003) Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of
systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 349:1526-1533
40. Su KY, Pisetsky DS (2009) The role of extracellular DNA in autoimmunity in SLE.
Scandinavian journal of immunology 70:175-183
41. Munoz LE, van Bavel C, Franz S, Berden J, Herrmann M, van der Vlag J (2008)
Apoptosis in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 17:371-
375
42. Dieker JW, van der Vlag J, Berden JH (2002) Triggers for anti-chromatin
autoantibody production in SLE. Lupus 11:856-864
43. Coleman ML, Sahai EA, Yeo M, Bosch M, Dewar A, Olson MF (2001) Membrane
blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK
I. Nature cell biology 3:339-345
44. Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A (1994) Autoantigens targeted in systemic
lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on
apoptotic keratinocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine 179:1317-1330
45. Janeway CA TP, Walport M, Shlomchick M (2001) Immunobiology: the immune
system in health and disease. Garland Publishing
46. Manderson AP, Botto M, Walport MJ (2004) The role of complement in the
development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Annual review of immunology
22:431-456
47. Truedsson L, Bengtsson AA, Sturfelt G (2007) Complement deficiencies and
systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 40:560-566
48. Gullstrand B, Martensson U, Sturfelt G, Bengtsson AA, Truedsson L (2009)
Complement classical pathway components are all important in clearance of
apoptotic and secondary necrotic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 156:303-311
49. Ytterberg SR, Schnitzer TJ (1982) Serum interferon levels in patients with systemic
lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 25:401-406
50. Ronnblom L, Ramstedt U, Alm GV (1983) Properties of human natural interferon-
producing cells stimulated by tumor cell lines. European journal of
immunology 13:471-476
51. Ronnblom L, Eloranta ML, Alm GV (2003) Role of natural interferon-alpha
producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) in autoimmunity. Autoimmunity
36:463-472
- 63 -
52. Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, Schaller JG,
Talal N, Winchester RJ (1982) The 1982 revised criteria for the classification
of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 25:1271-1277
53. Hochberg MC (1997) Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised
criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and
rheumatism 40:1725
54. Griffiths B, Mosca M, Gordon C (2005) Assessment of patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus and the use of lupus disease activity indices. Best practice &
research 19:685-708
55. Bombardier C, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Caron D, Chang CH (1992) Derivation
of the SLEDAI. A disease activity index for lupus patients. The Committee on
Prognosis Studies in SLE. Arthritis and rheumatism 35:630-640
56. Gladman D, Ginzler E, Goldsmith C, Fortin P, Liang M, Urowitz M, Bacon P,
Bombardieri S, Hanly J, Hay E, Isenberg D, Jones J, Kalunian K, Maddison P,
Nived O, Petri M, Richter M, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Snaith M, Sturfelt G,
Symmons D, Zoma A (1996) The development and initial validation of the
Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of
Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and
rheumatism 39:363-369
57. Silman AJ, Pearson JE (2002) Epidemiology and genetics of rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis research 4 Suppl 3:S265-272
58. Harvey J, Lotze M, Stevens MB, Lambert G, Jacobson D (1981) Rheumatoid
arthritis in a Chippewa Band. I. Pilot screening study of disease prevalence.
Arthritis and rheumatism 24:717-721
59. Firestein GS (2003) Evolving concepts of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature 423:356-361
60. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, Healey
LA, Kaplan SR, Liang MH, Luthra HS, et al. (1988) The American
Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of
rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 31:315-324
61. Turesson C, O'Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL (2003) Extra-
articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: incidence trends and
risk factors over 46 years. Ann Rheum Dis 62:722-727
62. Wallberg-Jonsson S, Ohman ML, Dahlqvist SR (1997) Cardiovascular morbidity
and mortality in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in Northern
Sweden. The Journal of rheumatology 24:445-451
63. Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE (2005)
Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study.
Arthritis and rheumatism 52:722-732
64. Fransen J, van Riel PL (2005) The Disease Activity Score and the EULAR response
criteria. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 23:S93-99
65. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, Bombardier C, Chernoff M, Fried B, Furst D,
Goldsmith C, Kieszak S, Lightfoot R, et al. (1993) The American College of
Rheumatology preliminary core set of disease activity measures for rheumatoid
arthritis clinical trials. The Committee on Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid
Arthritis Clinical Trials. Arthritis and rheumatism 36:729-740
- 64 -
66. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, Bombardier C, Furst D, Goldsmith C, Katz LM,
Lightfoot R, Jr., Paulus H, Strand V, et al. (1995) American College of
Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis and rheumatism 38:727-735
67. Sweeney SE, Firestein GS (2004) Rheumatoid arthritis: regulation of synovial
inflammation. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 36:372-
378
68. Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S (2005) Diagnostic and prognostic significance of
autoantibodies in early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 34:83-96
69. Hoet RM, Boerbooms AM, Arends M, Ruiter DJ, van Venrooij WJ (1991)
Antiperinuclear factor, a marker autoantibody for rheumatoid arthritis:
colocalisation of the perinuclear factor and profilaggrin. Ann Rheum Dis
50:611-618
70. Sebbag M, Simon M, Vincent C, Masson-Bessiere C, Girbal E, Durieux JJ, Serre G
(1995) The antiperinuclear factor and the so-called antikeratin antibodies are
the same rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. J Clin Invest 95:2672-
2679
71. Schellekens GA, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, van de Putte LB, van Venrooij
WJ (1998) Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants
recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. J Clin Invest
101:273-281
72. Simon M, Girbal E, Sebbag M, Gomes-Daudrix V, Vincent C, Salama G, Serre G
(1993) The cytokeratin filament-aggregating protein filaggrin is the target of
the so-called "antikeratin antibodies," autoantibodies specific for rheumatoid
arthritis. J Clin Invest 92:1387-1393
73. Senshu T, Kan S, Ogawa H, Manabe M, Asaga H (1996) Preferential deimination of
keratin K1 and filaggrin during the terminal differentiation of human
epidermis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 225:712-
719
74. Zhou SR, Whitaker JN, Wood DD, Moscarello MA (1993) Immunological analysis
of the amino terminal and the C8 isomer of human myelin basic protein.
Journal of neuroimmunology 46:91-96
75. Asaga H, Yamada M, Senshu T (1998) Selective deimination of vimentin in calcium
ionophore-induced apoptosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochemical
and biophysical research communications 243:641-646
76. Kinloch A, Tatzer V, Wait R, Peston D, Lundberg K, Donatien P, Moyes D, Taylor
PC, Venables PJ (2005) Identification of citrullinated alpha-enolase as a
candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis research & therapy
7:R1421-1429
77. Masson-Bessiere C, Sebbag M, Girbal-Neuhauser E, Nogueira L, Vincent C, Senshu
T, Serre G (2001) The major synovial targets of the rheumatoid arthritis-
specific antifilaggrin autoantibodies are deiminated forms of the alpha- and
beta-chains of fibrin. J Immunol 166:4177-4184
78. Suzuki A, Yamada R, Ohtake-Yamanaka M, Okazaki Y, Sawada T, Yamamoto K
(2005) Anti-citrullinated collagen type I antibody is a target of autoimmunity
- 65 -
in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications
333:418-426
79. Burkhardt H, Sehnert B, Bockermann R, Engstrom A, Kalden JR, Holmdahl R
(2005) Humoral immune response to citrullinated collagen type II determinants
in early rheumatoid arthritis. European journal of immunology 35:1643-1652
80. Menard HA, Lapointe E, Rochdi MD, Zhou ZJ (2000) Insights into rheumatoid
arthritis derived from the Sa immune system. Arthritis research 2:429-432
81. Mattson MP, Chan SL (2003) Calcium orchestrates apoptosis. Nature cell biology
5:1041-1043
82. Schellekens GA, Visser H, de Jong BA, van den Hoogen FH, Hazes JM, Breedveld
FC, van Venrooij WJ (2000) The diagnostic properties of rheumatoid arthritis
antibodies recognizing a cyclic citrullinated peptide. Arthritis and rheumatism
43:155-163
83. Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, de Jong BA, Berglin E, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Stenlund H,
Sundin U, van Venrooij WJ (2003) Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated
peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid
arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 48:2741-2749
84. Jones MG, Shipley ME, Hearn JP, Hay FC (1990) Specificity of rheumatoid factors
in relation to the disease state in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 49:757-
762
85. Nell VP, Machold KP, Stamm TA, Eberl G, Heinzl H, Uffmann M, Smolen JS,
Steiner G (2005) Autoantibody profiling as early diagnostic and prognostic
tool for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1731-1736
86. van Venrooij WJ, Hazes JM, Visser H (2002) Anticitrullinated protein/peptide
antibody and its role in the diagnosis and prognosis of early rheumatoid
arthritis. The Netherlands journal of medicine 60:383-388
87. van Venrooij WJ, Zendman AJ, Pruijn GJ (2006) Autoantibodies to citrullinated
antigens in (early) rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity reviews 6:37-41
88. Kastbom A, Strandberg G, Lindroos A, Skogh T (2004) Anti-CCP antibody test
predicts the disease course during 3 years in early rheumatoid arthritis (the
Swedish TIRA project). Ann Rheum Dis 63:1085-1089
89. Berglin E, Johansson T, Sundin U, Jidell E, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Rantapaa-
Dahlqvist S (2006) Radiological outcome in rheumatoid arthritis is predicted
by presence of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide before and at
disease onset, and by IgA-RF at disease onset. Ann Rheum Dis 65:453-458
90. van der Helm-van Mil AH, Verpoort KN, Breedveld FC, Toes RE, Huizinga TW
(2005) Antibodies to citrullinated proteins and differences in clinical
progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis research & therapy 7:R949-958
91. Stolt P, Bengtsson C, Nordmark B, Lindblad S, Lundberg I, Klareskog L,
Alfredsson L (2003) Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on
rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population based case-control study, using
incident cases. Ann Rheum Dis 62:835-841
92. Symmons DP, Bankhead CR, Harrison BJ, Brennan P, Barrett EM, Scott DG,
Silman AJ (1997) Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for
the development of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based
- 66 -
incident case-control study in Norfolk, England. Arthritis and rheumatism
40:1955-1961
93. Symmons DP (2002) Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: determinants of onset,
persistence and outcome. Best practice & research 16:707-722
94. Makrygiannakis D, Hermansson M, Ulfgren AK, Nicholas AP, Zendman AJ,
Eklund A, Grunewald J, Skold CM, Klareskog L, Catrina AI (2008) Smoking
increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and
increases citrullination in BAL cells. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1488-1492
95. Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Kallberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, Ronnelid
J, Harris HE, Ulfgren AK, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Eklund A, Padyukov L,
Alfredsson L (2006) A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis:
smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to
autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis and rheumatism 54:38-46
96. Lundstrom E, Kallberg H, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Padyukov L (2009) Gene-
environment interaction between the DRB1 shared epitope and smoking in the
risk of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis: all
alleles are important. Arthritis and rheumatism 60:1597-1603
97. Hochberg MC (1987) The application of genetic epidemiology to systemic lupus
erythematosus. The Journal of rheumatology 14:867-869
98. Seldin MF, Amos CI, Ward R, Gregersen PK (1999) The genetics revolution and the
assault on rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 42:1071-1079
99. Mehra NK, Kaur G (2003) MHC-based vaccination approaches: progress and
perspectives. Expert reviews in molecular medicine 5:1-17
100. Tsao BP (2004) Update on human systemic lupus erythematosus genetics. Current
opinion in rheumatology 16:513-521
101. Newton JL, Harney SM, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA (2004) A review of the
MHC genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes and immunity 5:151-157
102. Lee-Kirsch MA, Gong M, Chowdhury D, Senenko L, Engel K, Lee YA, de Silva
U, Bailey SL, Witte T, Vyse TJ, Kere J, Pfeiffer C, Harvey S, Wong A,
Koskenmies S, Hummel O, Rohde K, Schmidt RE, Dominiczak AF, Gahr M,
Hollis T, Perrino FW, Lieberman J, Hubner N (2007) Mutations in the gene
encoding the 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 are associated with systemic
lupus erythematosus. Nature genetics 39:1065-1067
103. Morgan BP, Walport MJ (1991) Complement deficiency and disease. Immunology
today 12:301-306
104. Kozyrev SV, Abelson AK, Wojcik J, Zaghlool A, Linga Reddy MV, Sanchez E,
Gunnarsson I, Svenungsson E, Sturfelt G, Jonsen A, Truedsson L, Pons-Estel
BA, Witte T, D'Alfonso S, Barizzone N, Danieli MG, Gutierrez C, Suarez A,
Junker P, Laustrup H, Gonzalez-Escribano MF, Martin J, Abderrahim H,
Alarcon-Riquelme ME (2008) Functional variants in the B-cell gene BANK1
are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature genetics 40:211-216
105. Harley JB, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Criswell LA, Jacob CO, Kimberly RP, Moser
KL, Tsao BP, et al. (2008) Genome-wide association scan in women with
systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM,
PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nature genetics 40:204-210
- 67 -
106. Graham RR, Cotsapas C, Davies L, Hackett R, Lessard CJ, Leon JM, Burtt NP,
Guiducci C, Parkin M, Gates C, Plenge RM, Behrens TW, Wither JE, Rioux
JD, Fortin PR, Graham DC, Wong AK, Vyse TJ, Daly MJ, Altshuler D, Moser
KL, Gaffney PM (2008) Genetic variants near TNFAIP3 on 6q23 are
associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature genetics 40:1059-1061
107. Hom G, Graham RR, Modrek B, Taylor KE, Ortmann W, Garnier S, Lee AT, et al.
(2008) Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and
ITGAM-ITGAX. N Engl J Med 358:900-909
108. Graham RR, Hom G, Ortmann W, Behrens TW (2009) Review of recent genome-
wide association scans in lupus. J Intern Med 265:680-688
109. Hartung K, Baur MP, Coldewey R, Fricke M, Kalden JR, Lakomek HJ, Peter HH,
Schendel D, Schneider PM, Seuchter SA, et al. (1992) Major
histocompatibility complex haplotypes and complement C4 alleles in systemic
lupus erythematosus. Results of a multicenter study. J Clin Invest 90:1346-
1351
110. Yao Z, Hartung K, Deicher HG, Brunnler G, Bettinotti MP, Keller E, Paul C,
Gawron C, Mikschl S, Albert E (1993) DNA typing for HLA-DPB1-alleles in
German patients with systemic lupus erythematosus using the polymerase
chain reaction and DIG-ddUTP-labelled oligonucleotide probes. Members of
SLE Study Group. Eur J Immunogenet 20:259-266
111. Sawalha AH, Webb R, Han S, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Kimberly RP, Alarcon-
Riquelme ME, James JA, Vyse TJ, Gilkeson GS, Choi CB, Scofield RH, Bae
SC, Nath SK, Harley JB (2008) Common variants within MECP2 confer risk
of systemic lupus erythematosus. PloS one 3:e1727
112. Graham RR, Kozyrev SV, Baechler EC, Reddy MV, Plenge RM, Bauer JW,
Ortmann WA, Koeuth T, Gonzalez Escribano MF, Pons-Estel B, Petri M, Daly
M, Gregersen PK, Martin J, Altshuler D, Behrens TW, Alarcon-Riquelme ME
(2006) A common haplotype of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) regulates
splicing and expression and is associated with increased risk of systemic lupus
erythematosus. Nature genetics 38:550-555
113. Sigurdsson S, Nordmark G, Goring HH, Lindroos K, Wiman AC, Sturfelt G,
Jonsen A, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Moller B, Kere J, Koskenmies S, Widen E,
Eloranta ML, Julkunen H, Kristjansdottir H, Steinsson K, Alm G, Ronnblom
L, Syvanen AC (2005) Polymorphisms in the tyrosine kinase 2 and interferon
regulatory factor 5 genes are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
American journal of human genetics 76:528-537
114. Nath SK, Han S, Kim-Howard X, Kelly JA, Viswanathan P, Gilkeson GS, Chen
W, Zhu C, McEver RP, Kimberly RP, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Vyse TJ, Li QZ,
Wakeland EK, Merrill JT, James JA, Kaufman KM, Guthridge JM, Harley JB
(2008) A nonsynonymous functional variant in integrin-alpha(M) (encoded by
ITGAM) is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature genetics
40:152-154
115. Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, Graham RR, Hom G, Behrens TW, de Bakker
PI, Le JM, Lee HS, Batliwalla F, Li W, Masters SL, Booty MG, Carulli JP,
Padyukov L, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L, Chen WV, Amos CI, Criswell LA,
Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Gregersen PK (2007) STAT4 and the risk of
- 68 -
rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 357:977-
986
116. Musone SL, Taylor KE, Lu TT, Nititham J, Ferreira RC, Ortmann W, Shifrin N,
Petri MA, Kamboh MI, Manzi S, Seldin MF, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW, Ma
A, Kwok PY, Criswell LA (2008) Multiple polymorphisms in the TNFAIP3
region are independently associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature
genetics 40:1062-1064
117. Cunninghame Graham DS, Graham RR, Manku H, Wong AK, Whittaker JC,
Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Rioux JD, Altshuler D, Behrens TW, Vyse TJ (2008)
Polymorphism at the TNF superfamily gene TNFSF4 confers susceptibility to
systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature genetics 40:83-89
118. Stastny P (1978) Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid
arthritis. N Engl J Med 298:869-871
119. Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP,
Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, et al. (2004) A missense single-nucleotide
polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is
associated with rheumatoid arthritis. American journal of human genetics
75:330-337
120. Plenge RM, Cotsapas C, Davies L, Price AL, de Bakker PI, Maller J, Pe'er I, et al.
(2007) Two independent alleles at 6q23 associated with risk of rheumatoid
arthritis. Nature genetics 39:1477-1482
121. Thomson W, Barton A, Ke X, Eyre S, Hinks A, Bowes J, Donn R, Symmons D,
Hider S, Bruce IN, Wilson AG, Marinou I, Morgan A, Emery P, Carter A,
Steer S, Hocking L, Reid DM, Wordsworth P, Harrison P, Strachan D,
Worthington J (2007) Rheumatoid arthritis association at 6q23. Nature genetics
39:1431-1433
122. Plenge RM, Seielstad M, Padyukov L, Lee AT, Remmers EF, Ding B, Liew A, et
al. (2007) TRAF1-C5 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis--a genomewide
study. N Engl J Med 357:1199-1209
123. Suzuki A, Yamada R, Chang X, Tokuhiro S, Sawada T, Suzuki M, Nagasaki M,
Nakayama-Hamada M, Kawaida R, Ono M, Ohtsuki M, Furukawa H, Yoshino
S, Yukioka M, Tohma S, Matsubara T, Wakitani S, Teshima R, Nishioka Y,
Sekine A, Iida A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K (2003)
Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme
peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nature
genetics 34:395-402
124. Zhernakova A, Alizadeh BZ, Bevova M, van Leeuwen MA, Coenen MJ, Franke B,
Franke L, Posthumus MD, van Heel DA, van der Steege G, Radstake TR,
Barrera P, Roep BO, Koeleman BP, Wijmenga C (2007) Novel association in
chromosome 4q27 region with rheumatoid arthritis and confirmation of type 1
diabetes point to a general risk locus for autoimmune diseases. American
journal of human genetics 81:1284-1288
125. Plenge RM, Padyukov L, Remmers EF, Purcell S, Lee AT, Karlson EW, Wolfe F,
Kastner DL, Alfredsson L, Altshuler D, Gregersen PK, Klareskog L, Rioux JD
(2005) Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid
arthritis in >4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of
- 69 -
susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. American journal of human
genetics 77:1044-1060
126. (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases
and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447:661-678
127. Ding B, Padyukov L, Lundstrom E, Seielstad M, Plenge RM, Oksenberg JR,
Gregersen PK, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L (2009) Different patterns of
associations with anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive and anti-
citrullinated protein antibody-negative rheumatoid arthritis in the extended
major histocompatibility complex region. Arthritis and rheumatism 60:30-38
128. Raychaudhuri S, Remmers EF, Lee AT, Hackett R, Guiducci C, Burtt NP,
Gianniny L, et al. (2008) Common variants at CD40 and other loci confer risk
of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature genetics 40:1216-1223
129. Gregersen PK, Amos CI, Lee AT, Lu Y, Remmers EF, Kastner DL, Seldin MF,
Criswell LA, Plenge RM, Holers VM, Mikuls TR, Sokka T, Moreland LW,
Bridges SL, Jr., Xie G, Begovich AB, Siminovitch KA (2009) REL, encoding
a member of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors, is a newly defined
risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis. Nature genetics 41:820-823
130. Eyre S, Hinks A, Flynn E, Martin P, Wilson AG, Maxwell JR, Morgan AW,
Emery P, Steer S, Hocking LJ, Reid DM, Harrison P, Wordsworth P, Thomson
W, Worthington J, Barton A (2009) Confirmation of association of the REL
locus with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in the UK population. Ann
Rheum Dis
131. Kisielow P, Teh HS, Bluthmann H, von Boehmer H (1988) Positive selection of
antigen-specific T cells in thymus by restricting MHC molecules. Nature
335:730-733
132. Schulze-Koops H, Kalden JR (2001) The balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines in
rheumatoid arthritis. Best practice & research 15:677-691
133. McInnes IB, Schett G (2007) Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Nat Rev Immunol 7:429-442
134. Hoffman RW (2004) T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla 113:4-13
135. Enmark E, Gustafsson JA (1999) Oestrogen receptors - an overview. J Intern Med
246:133-138
136. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Capellino S, Villaggio B, Montagna P, Seriolo B, Straub RH
(2004) Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical
aspects in autoimmunity. Lupus 13:635-638
137. Zandman-Goddard G, Peeva E, Shoenfeld Y (2007) Gender and autoimmunity.
Autoimmunity reviews 6:366-372
138. McMurray RW (2001) Sex hormones in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus
erythematosus. Front Biosci 6:E193-206
139. Carlsten H (2007) Interaction with estrogen receptors as treatment of arthritis and
osteoporosis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 602:83-92
140. Couse JF, Lindzey J, Grandien K, Gustafsson JA, Korach KS (1997) Tissue
distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and
estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type
and ERalpha-knockout mouse. Endocrinology 138:4613-4621
- 70 -
141. Inui A, Ogasawara H, Naito T, Sekigawa I, Takasaki Y, Hayashida Y, Takamori K,
Ogawa H (2007) Estrogen receptor expression by peripheral blood
mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical
rheumatology 26:1675-1678
142. Svenson JL, EuDaly J, Ruiz P, Korach KS, Gilkeson GS (2008) Impact of estrogen
receptor deficiency on disease expression in the NZM2410 lupus prone mouse.
Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla 128:259-268
143. Schuit SC, Oei HH, Witteman JC, Geurts van Kessel CH, van Meurs JB, Nijhuis
RL, van Leeuwen JP, de Jong FH, Zillikens MC, Hofman A, Pols HA,
Uitterlinden AG (2004) Estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and risk
of myocardial infarction. Jama 291:2969-2977
144. Yaffe K, Lui LY, Grady D, Stone K, Morin P (2002) Estrogen receptor 1
polymorphisms and risk of cognitive impairment in older women. Biol
Psychiatry 51:677-682
145. Andersen TI, Heimdal KR, Skrede M, Tveit K, Berg K, Borresen AL (1994)
Oestrogen receptor (ESR) polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility.
Human genetics 94:665-670
146. Mattila KM, Axelman K, Rinne JO, Blomberg M, Lehtimaki T, Laippala P, Roytta
M, Viitanen M, Wahlund L, Winblad B, Lannfelt L (2000) Interaction between
estrogen receptor 1 and the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E increases the
risk of familial Alzheimer's disease in women. Neurosci Lett 282:45-48
147. Khosla S, Riggs BL, Atkinson EJ, Oberg AL, Mavilia C, Del Monte F, Melton LJ,
3rd, Brandi ML (2004) Relationship of estrogen receptor genotypes to bone
mineral density and to rates of bone loss in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
89:1808-1816
148. Ushiyama T, Mori K, Inoue K, Huang J, Nishioka J, Hukuda S (1999) Association
of oestrogen receptor gene polymorphisms with age at onset of rheumatoid
arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 58:7-10
149. Liu ZH, Cheng ZH, Gong RJ, Liu H, Liu D, Li LS (2002) Sex differences in
estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and its association with lupus nephritis
in Chinese. Nephron 90:174-180
150. Magnusson V, Lindqvist AK, Castillejo-Lopez C, Kristjansdottir H, Steinsson K,
Grondal G, Sturfelt G, Truedsson L, Svenungsson E, Lundberg I, Gunnarsson
I, Bolstad AI, Haga HJ, Jonsson R, Klareskog L, Alcocer-Varela J, Alarcon-
Segovia D, Terwilliger JD, Gyllensten UB, Alarcon-Riquelme ME (2000) Fine
mapping of the SLEB2 locus involved in susceptibility to systemic lupus
erythematosus. Genomics 70:307-314
151. Prokunina L, Castillejo-Lopez C, Oberg F, Gunnarsson I, Berg L, Magnusson V,
Brookes AJ, Tentler D, Kristjansdottir H, Grondal G, Bolstad AI, Svenungsson
E, Lundberg I, Sturfelt G, Jonssen A, Truedsson L, Lima G, Alcocer-Varela J,
Jonsson R, Gyllensten UB, Harley JB, Alarcon-Segovia D, Steinsson K,
Alarcon-Riquelme ME (2002) A regulatory polymorphism in PDCD1 is
associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in humans.
Nature genetics 32:666-669
152. Sanghera DK, Manzi S, Bontempo F, Nestlerode C, Kamboh MI (2004) Role of an
intronic polymorphism in the PDCD1 gene with the risk of sporadic systemic
- 71 -
lupus erythematosus and the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibodies.
Human genetics 115:393-398
153. Liu JL, Zhang FY, Liang YH, Xiao FL, Zhang SQ, Cheng YL, Yuan CD, Chen
QP, Yang S, Zhang XJ (2009) Association between the PD1.3A/G
polymorphism of the PDCD1 gene and systemic lupus erythematosus in
European populations: a meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23:425-
432
154. Ishida Y, Agata Y, Shibahara K, Honjo T (1992) Induced expression of PD-1, a
novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed
cell death. The EMBO journal 11:3887-3895
155. Greenwald RJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH (2005) The B7 family revisited. Annual
review of immunology 23:515-548
156. Fife BT, Bluestone JA (2008) Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and
autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. Immunological reviews
224:166-182
157. Baecher-Allan C, Brown JA, Freeman GJ, Hafler DA (2001) CD4+CD25high
regulatory cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol 167:1245-1253
158. Sandner SE, Clarkson MR, Salama AD, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Domenig C, Habicht A,
Najafian N, Yagita H, Azuma M, Turka LA, Sayegh MH (2005) Role of the
programmed death-1 pathway in regulation of alloimmune responses in vivo. J
Immunol 174:3408-3415
159. Bertsias GK, Nakou M, Choulaki C, Raptopoulou A, Papadimitraki E, Goulielmos
G, Kritikos H, Sidiropoulos P, Tzardi M, Kardassis D, Mamalaki C, Boumpas
DT (2009) Genetic, immunologic, and immunohistochemical analysis of the
programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 pathway in human systemic
lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 60:207-218
160. Nishimura H, Nose M, Hiai H, Minato N, Honjo T (1999) Development of lupus-
like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM
motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity 11:141-151
161. Prokunina L, Gunnarsson I, Sturfelt G, Truedsson L, Seligman VA, Olson JL,
Seldin MF, Criswell LA, Alarcon-Riquelme ME (2004) The systemic lupus
erythematosus-associated PDCD1 polymorphism PD1.3A in lupus nephritis.
Arthritis and rheumatism 50:327-328
162. Hasegawa K, Martin F, Huang G, Tumas D, Diehl L, Chan AC (2004) PEST
domain-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (PEP) regulation of effector/memory T
cells. Science 303:685-689
163. Bottini N, Musumeci L, Alonso A, Rahmouni S, Nika K, Rostamkhani M,
MacMurray J, Meloni GF, Lucarelli P, Pellecchia M, Eisenbarth GS, Comings
D, Mustelin T (2004) A functional variant of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is
associated with type I diabetes. Nature genetics 36:337-338
164. Kyogoku C, Langefeld CD, Ortmann WA, Lee A, Selby S, Carlton VE, Chang M,
Ramos P, Baechler EC, Batliwalla FM, Novitzke J, Williams AH, Gillett C,
Rodine P, Graham RR, Ardlie KG, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Petri M, Begovich
AB, Gregersen PK, Behrens TW (2004) Genetic association of the R620W
polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 with human SLE.
American journal of human genetics 75:504-507
- 72 -
165. Reddy MV, Johansson M, Sturfelt G, Jonsen A, Gunnarsson I, Svenungsson E,
Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Alarcon-Riquelme ME (2005) The R620W C/T
polymorphism of the gene PTPN22 is associated with SLE independently of
the association of PDCD1. Genes and immunity 6:658-662
166. Velaga MR, Wilson V, Jennings CE, Owen CJ, Herington S, Donaldson PT, Ball
SG, James RA, Quinton R, Perros P, Pearce SH (2004) The codon 620
tryptophan allele of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) gene is a major
determinant of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5862-5865
167. Skorka A, Bednarczuk T, Bar-Andziak E, Nauman J, Ploski R (2005) Lymphoid
tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22/LYP) variant and Graves' disease in a Polish
population: association and gene dose-dependent correlation with age of onset.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:679-682
168. Smyth D, Cooper JD, Collins JE, Heward JM, Franklyn JA, Howson JM, Vella A,
Nutland S, Rance HE, Maier L, Barratt BJ, Guja C, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C,
Savage DA, Dunger DB, Widmer B, Strachan DP, Ring SM, Walker N,
Clayton DG, Twells RC, Gough SC, Todd JA (2004) Replication of an
association between the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase locus (LYP/PTPN22)
with type 1 diabetes, and evidence for its role as a general autoimmunity locus.
Diabetes 53:3020-3023
169. Criswell LA, Pfeiffer KA, Lum RF, Gonzales B, Novitzke J, Kern M, Moser KL,
Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Li W, Lee AT, Ortmann W, Behrens TW,
Gregersen PK (2005) Analysis of families in the multiple autoimmune disease
genetics consortium (MADGC) collection: the PTPN22 620W allele associates
with multiple autoimmune phenotypes. American journal of human genetics
76:561-571
170. LaBerge GS, Bennett DC, Fain PR, Spritz RA (2008) PTPN22 is genetically
associated with risk of generalized vitiligo, but CTLA4 is not. The Journal of
investigative dermatology 128:1757-1762
171. Vandiedonck C, Capdevielle C, Giraud M, Krumeich S, Jais JP, Eymard B,
Tranchant C, Gajdos P, Garchon HJ (2006) Association of the
PTPN22*R620W polymorphism with autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Annals
of neurology 59:404-407
172. Dieude P, Guedj M, Wipff J, Avouac J, Hachulla E, Diot E, Granel B, Sibilia J,
Cabane J, Meyer O, Mouthon L, Kahan A, Boileau C, Allanore Y (2008) The
PTPN22 620W allele confers susceptibility to systemic sclerosis: findings of a
large case-control study of European Caucasians and a meta-analysis. Arthritis
and rheumatism 58:2183-2188
173. Skinningsrud B, Husebye ES, Gervin K, Lovas K, Blomhoff A, Wolff AB, Kemp
EH, Egeland T, Undlien DE (2008) Mutation screening of PTPN22:
association of the 1858T-allele with Addison's disease. Eur J Hum Genet
16:977-982
174. Betz RC, Konig K, Flaquer A, Redler S, Eigelshoven S, Kortum AK, Hanneken S,
Hillmer A, Tuting T, Lambert J, De Weert J, Kruse R, Lutz G, Blaumeiser B,
Nothen MM (2008) The R620W polymorphism in PTPN22 confers general
susceptibility for the development of alopecia areata. The British journal of
dermatology 158:389-391
- 73 -
175. Hinks A, Barton A, John S, Bruce I, Hawkins C, Griffiths CE, Donn R, Thomson
W, Silman A, Worthington J (2005) Association between the PTPN22 gene
and rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a UK population:
further support that PTPN22 is an autoimmunity gene. Arthritis and
rheumatism 52:1694-1699
176. Orozco G, Sanchez E, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Lopez-Nevot MA, Torres B, Caliz R,
Ortego-Centeno N, Jimenez-Alonso J, Pascual-Salcedo D, Balsa A, de Pablo
R, Nunez-Roldan A, Gonzalez-Escribano MF, Martin J (2005) Association of a
functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, encoding lymphoid
protein phosphatase, with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus
erythematosus. Arthritis and rheumatism 52:219-224
177. Lee AT, Li W, Liew A, Bombardier C, Weisman M, Massarotti EM, Kent J, Wolfe
F, Begovich AB, Gregersen PK (2005) The PTPN22 R620W polymorphism
associates with RF positive rheumatoid arthritis in a dose-dependent manner
but not with HLA-SE status. Genes and immunity 6:129-133
178. van Oene M, Wintle RF, Liu X, Yazdanpanah M, Gu X, Newman B, Kwan A,
Johnson B, Owen J, Greer W, Mosher D, Maksymowych W, Keystone E,
Rubin LA, Amos CI, Siminovitch KA (2005) Association of the lymphoid
tyrosine phosphatase R620W variant with rheumatoid arthritis, but not Crohn's
disease, in Canadian populations. Arthritis and rheumatism 52:1993-1998
179. Simkins HM, Merriman ME, Highton J, Chapman PT, O'Donnell JL, Jones PB,
Gow PJ, McLean L, Pokorny V, Harrison AA, Merriman TR (2005)
Association of the PTPN22 locus with rheumatoid arthritis in a New Zealand
Caucasian cohort. Arthritis and rheumatism 52:2222-2225
180. Morgan AW, Thomson W, Martin SG, Carter AM, Erlich HA, Barton A, Hocking
L, Reid DM, Harrison P, Wordsworth P, Steer S, Worthington J, Emery P,
Wilson AG, Barrett JH (2009) Reevaluation of the interaction between HLA-
DRB1 shared epitope alleles, PTPN22, and smoking in determining
susceptibility to autoantibody-positive and autoantibody-negative rheumatoid
arthritis in a large UK Caucasian population. Arthritis and rheumatism
60:2565-2576
181. De Jager PL, Sawcer S, Waliszewska A, Farwell L, Wild G, Cohen A, Langelier
D, Bitton A, Compston A, Hafler DA, Rioux JD (2006) Evaluating the role of
the 620W allele of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in Crohn's disease
and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Hum Genet 14:317-321
182. Begovich AB, Caillier SJ, Alexander HC, Penko JM, Hauser SL, Barcellos LF,
Oksenberg JR (2005) The R620W polymorphism of the protein tyrosine
phosphatase PTPN22 is not associated with multiple sclerosis. American
journal of human genetics 76:184-187
183. Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Rioux JD, Brant SR, et al.
(2008) Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility
loci for Crohn's disease. Nature genetics 40:955-962
184. Cloutier JF, Veillette A (1999) Cooperative inhibition of T-cell antigen receptor
signaling by a complex between a kinase and a phosphatase. The Journal of
experimental medicine 189:111-121
- 74 -
185. Cohen S, Dadi H, Shaoul E, Sharfe N, Roifman CM (1999) Cloning and
characterization of a lymphoid-specific, inducible human protein tyrosine
phosphatase, Lyp. Blood 93:2013-2024
186. Ghose R, Shekhtman A, Goger MJ, Ji H, Cowburn D (2001) A novel, specific
interaction involving the Csk SH3 domain and its natural ligand. Nature
structural biology 8:998-1004
187. Vang T, Congia M, Macis MD, Musumeci L, Orru V, Zavattari P, Nika K, Tautz
L, Tasken K, Cucca F, Mustelin T, Bottini N (2005) Autoimmune-associated
lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is a gain-of-function variant. Nature genetics
37:1317-1319
188. Rieck M, Arechiga A, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Greenbaum C, Concannon P, Buckner
JH (2007) Genetic variation in PTPN22 corresponds to altered function of T
and B lymphocytes. J Immunol 179:4704-4710
189. Arechiga AF, Habib T, He Y, Zhang X, Zhang ZY, Funk A, Buckner JH (2009)
Cutting edge: the PTPN22 allelic variant associated with autoimmunity impairs
B cell signaling. J Immunol 182:3343-3347
190. Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF (1988) A simple salting out procedure for
extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res 16:1215
191. Berglin E, Padyukov L, Sundin U, Hallmans G, Stenlund H, Van Venrooij WJ,
Klareskog L, Dahlqvist SR (2004) A combination of autoantibodies to cyclic
citrullinated peptide (CCP) and HLA-DRB1 locus antigens is strongly
associated with future onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis research &
therapy 6:R303-308
192. Qin ZS, Niu T, Liu JS (2002) Partition-ligation-expectation-maximization
algorithm for haplotype inference with single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
American journal of human genetics 71:1242-1247
193. HaploView-software
http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview/
.
194. Pando JA, Gourley MF, Wilder RL, Crofford LJ (1995) Hormonal
supplementation as treatment for cyclical rashes in patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus. The Journal of rheumatology 22:2159-2162
195. Shughrue PJ, Lane MV, Merchenthaler I (1997) Comparative distribution of
estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J
Comp Neurol 388:507-525
196. Maki PM, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM (2001) Enhanced verbal memory in
nondemented elderly women receiving hormone-replacement therapy. Am J
Psychiatry 158:227-233
197. Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, Conte CG, Medsger TA, Jr., Jansen-McWilliams
L, D'Agostino RB, Kuller LH (1997) Age-specific incidence rates of
myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus
erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol
145:408-415
198. Ward MM (1999) Premature morbidity from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular
diseases in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and
rheumatism 42:338-346
- 75 -
199. Lee YJ, Shin KS, Kang SW, Lee CK, Yoo B, Cha HS, Koh EM, Yoon SJ, Lee J
(2004) Association of the oestrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms with
disease onset in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 63:1244-1249
200. Herrington DM, Howard TD, Brosnihan KB, McDonnell DP, Li X, Hawkins GA,
Reboussin DM, Xu J, Zheng SL, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER (2002) Common
estrogen receptor polymorphism augments effects of hormone replacement
therapy on E-selectin but not C-reactive protein. Circulation 105:1879-1882
201. Herrington DM, Howard TD, Hawkins GA, Reboussin DM, Xu J, Zheng SL,
Brosnihan KB, Meyers DA, Bleecker ER (2002) Estrogen-receptor
polymorphisms and effects of estrogen replacement on high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol in women with coronary disease. N Engl J Med 346:967-974
202. Alarcon-Riquelme ME (2003) A RUNX trio with a taste for autoimmunity. Nature
genetics 35:299-300
203. Suarez-Gestal M, Ferreiros-Vidal I, Ortiz JA, Gomez-Reino JJ, Gonzalez A (2008)
Analysis of the functional relevance of a putative regulatory SNP of PDCD1,
PD1.3, associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes and immunity
9:309-315
204. Gregersen PK, Lee HS, Batliwalla F, Begovich AB (2006) PTPN22: setting
thresholds for autoimmunity. Seminars in immunology 18:214-223
205. Kokkonen H, Johansson M, Innala L, Jidell E, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S (2007) The
PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism is associated with anti-cyclic citrullinated
peptide antibody-positive early rheumatoid arthritis in northern Sweden.
Arthritis research & therapy 9:R56
206. Viken MK, Olsson M, Flam ST, Forre O, Kvien TK, Thorsby E, Lie BA (2007)
The PTPN22 promoter polymorphism -1123G>C association cannot be
distinguished from the 1858C>T association in a Norwegian rheumatoid
arthritis material. Tissue antigens 70:190-197
207. Carlton VE, Hu X, Chokkalingam AP, Schrodi SJ, Brandon R, Alexander HC,
Chang M, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Ardlie KG, Kastner DL, Seldin MF,
Criswell LA, Gregersen PK, Beasley E, Thomson G, Amos CI, Begovich AB
(2005) PTPN22 genetic variation: evidence for multiple variants associated
with rheumatoid arthritis. American journal of human genetics 77:567-581
208. Hinks A, Eyre S, Barton A, Thomson W, Worthington J (2007) Investigation of
genetic variation across the protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis in the UK. Ann Rheum Dis 66:683-686
209. Kawasaki E, Awata T, Ikegami H, Kobayashi T, Maruyama T, Nakanishi K,
Shimada A, Uga M, Kurihara S, Kawabata Y, Tanaka S, Kanazawa Y, Lee I,
Eguchi K (2006) Systematic search for single nucleotide polymorphisms in a
lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase gene (PTPN22): association between a
promoter polymorphism and type 1 diabetes in Asian populations. American
journal of medical genetics 140:586-593
- 76 -
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |