Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Play and social behaviour



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Bog'liq
066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Play and social behaviour
A number of developmental sequences come
together in children’s play (Figure 6.1). These
include social initiations and responses, verbal
and non-verbal communicative skills; imagination
and the generation and sustaining of ideas whilst
remaining alert to the social environment [2].
34


General patterns of development
Table 6.4
Object concepts and relationships
milestones.
Developmental
Mean age
milestone
(months)
Permanence of object: looks for
hidden object
8
‘Cast’: drops repeatedly-enjoys
sound and attention
8
Cause and effect: presses or
pushes to activate a toy
9
Means-end relationship: pulls
toy placed out of reach with a
string
9
Relating two objects together
10
Relating objects: enjoys putting
things in and out of container
10
Simple posting games: round
shapes
12
Matches simple shapes
16—18
Matches three shapes with good
‘scanning’
24
Table 6.5
Cube model copying milestones.
Developmental
Mean age
milestone
(months)
Builds tower of 6 cubes
22
Horizontal alignment of
bricks
24
3-cube bridge
33
4-cube train with a
chimney
39
3 steps with 6 cubes
48—54 months
4 steps with 10 cubes
60 months
Some red flag alerts for language,
communication and social development
Further assessment would be required when the
following ‘red flags’ for language, communication
and social development are observed:

no multisyllable babble, pointing or other
gesture by 12 months;

no joint attention by 18 months;

absence of simple pretence play by 24 months;

no single words by 18 months;

lack of social interest in other children from 18
months;

no word combinations (non-echoed) by 30
months;

cannot follow two-step command (e.g. ‘give ball
to daddy’) by 30 months;

speech largely unintelligible by 4 years;

no conversational interchange by 4 years;

echolalia still present at 3 years.
Development of attention
Attention difficulties may contribute to poor
developmental performances and interaction dif-
ficulties, or indicate global developmental delay.
Difficulties of behaviour, language, learning
and coordination often coexist with deficits of
attention. A variety of medical conditions in
preschoolers, including epilepsy, hypothyroidism,
low
birthweight, hearing loss and
prenatal
exposure
to
teratogens
(e.g.
fetal
alcohol
syndrome) may underlie attention deficits.
Attention skills develop sequentially, such that
children move from a relatively brief exploration
Table 6.6
Drawing milestones.
Developmental
Mean age
milestone
(months)
Shape copying
Makes a mark on paper
15
Scribble
18
Copies lines
24
Copies a circle
36 (90% by 42
months)
Copies a cross
42 (90% by 48
months)
Copies a square
48
Copies a triangle
60
Copies a diamond
66—72
Drawing a person
Figure with head, other
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