Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Characteristics of clinically depressive children [5]



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Characteristics of clinically depressive children [5]

Selectively attend to negative features of events

Report negative attributions (i.e. internal, stable explanations for positive events and
external, unstable explanations for negative events)
Box 42.2
Core steps in cognitive
—behavioural
therapy
(CBT)
for
childhood anxiety

Recognize feelings and physical
reactions

Identify associated thoughts (e.g.
interpretations, attributions and
expectations)

Cognitive restructuring/coping self-talk

Progressive muscle relaxation

Imaginary/
in vivo
(graded) exposure

Self-evaluation and reward
how certain kinds of self-talk can be destructive
(‘I’ll look silly’) and promoting positive self-talk
(‘I have done this OK before’). Using these skills,
children are then supported to develop a hierarchy
of
anxiety-producing
situations,
which
they
gradually face, with a clear reward structure in
place. Relaxation is often included to improve the
child’s coping strategies and expand his/her coping
repertoire. Throughout treatment children are
helped to evaluate their newly developed coping
skills in ‘real-life’ settings, and these are rewarded
where appropriate. This can continue for several
sessions, as the child learns to test new strategies
and, through trial and error, to find strategies that
work and to diagnose why other strategies do
not. Homework throughout the treatment process
fosters understanding of why feelings of anxiety or
depression develop and how they might be man-
aged effectively. In addition, emphasis is placed
on developing rapport with the child/adolescent
throughout the treatment. CBT programmes
value rapport, but unlike some approaches, do
not construct the treatment as working through
the relationship with the therapist. Instead, the
CBT therapist guides the child/adolescent to
reshape attributions and expectations in order
to change behaviour. Treatments including a
family component are increasingly common, and
typically this means an ancillary focus on the
parents’ behaviour, or a parent’s own anxiety

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