Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Families with indicated additional needs



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Families with indicated additional needs
A sound meta-analysis of controlled intervention
trials [17] has identified common aspects of effec-
tive interventions that increase parental sensitivity
or attachment for families where additional
support is needed. The common features are
that programmes focus specifically on attachment
rather than less specific support. It is evident that
fewer than five sessions may not be sufficient to
produce change, while participating in more than
16 sessions has diminishing value. The ideal time to
intervene appears to be between 6 and 12 months
of age, a finding that is coherent with finding of the
sensitivity of the infant to severe deprivation or
abuse at that age. The review cites no direct impact
on sensitivity for antenatal intervention, though
engaging very needy mothers-to-be antenatally
and for a further 2 years has a substantial payoff,
perhaps through the development of a working
therapeutic alliance [18]. While most research
was conducted with mothers, similar findings
were shown where intervention was with fathers,
though including fathers and mothers together
diminished the effect size for mothers. Video
feedback proved to be a powerful tool and
increased effect sizes for intervention.
A number of programmes meet these criteria,
notably Video Interaction Guidance, Circle of
Security Attachment, and Biobehavioral Catch-
Up. Mellow Babies, Watch, Wait and Wonder
and Parent-infant Psychotherapy also showed the
potential to improve attachment relationships,
cognitive development and emotion regulation
in infants [16,19,20]. Inevitably, these intensive
programmes require trained practitioners, with
training being both expensive and time consuming.
Fortunately there is no need for specialist
psychological services for most families. A
normally loving family with a few caring adults
involved in the regular care of a baby will almost

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