Microsoft Word 1 co2 Cement Production doc



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3 1 Cement Production

Process Description 
Carbon dioxide is released during the production of clinker, a component of cement, in which calcium carbonate 
(CaCO
3
) is heated in a rotary kiln to induce a series of complex chemical reactions (
IPCC Guidelines
). 
Specifically, CO
2
is released as a by-product during calcination, which occurs in the upper, cooler end of the 
kiln, or a precalciner, at temperatures of 600-900
°
C, and results in the conversion of carbonates to oxides. The 
simplified stoichiometric relationship is as follows:
CaCO
3
+ heat 
CaO + CO
2
At higher temperatures in the lower end of the kiln, the lime (CaO) reacts with silica, aluminum and iron-
containing materials to produce minerals in the clinker, an intermediate product of cement manufacture. The 
clinker is then removed from the kiln to cool, ground to a fine powder, and mixed with a small fraction (about 
five percent) of gypsum to create the most common form of cement known as Portland cement. Masonry cement 
is generally the second most common form of cement. Because masonry cement requires more lime than 
Portland cement, masonry cement generally results in additional CO
2
emissions.

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