1.9
Sound and Vibration
*
Sound and vibration have become a topic of interest for the HVAC
designer, not that they are part of the primary heating, cooling, and
*See also Chap. 20.
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Chapter One
air conditioning functions but because they are secondary factors
which, if not properly handled, can destroy an otherwise successful
HVAC installation.
All sounds and vibrations are forms of kinetic energy, and in the
HVAC world they are usually derived from moving equipment, moving
air, pressure-reducing equipment, or other moving fluid. A problem
arises when an HVAC system component generates noise or vibration
within, or adjacent to, a habited or process-sensitive space. If the gen-
erated sound or vibration level exceeds the local tolerance level, the
HVAC system is deemed unacceptable.
For an HVAC system to be acceptable in terms of sound and vibra-
tion, an occupant or a process in a served space must be essentially
unaware of, or at least not impaired by, the active functions of the
HVAC system. Airborne sound in an office or theater must not draw
attention to itself. The space must seem quiet when all is still, and
allow conversation or music to go on without intrusion. The same is
true for vibration. Operation of the HVAC system should not, often
must not, be apparent to building occupants in the sense of a vibrating
floor or desk, or visibly moving structural components like a light fix-
ture. Recognize that in less sophisticated spaces like shops or equip-
ment rooms, some sound and vibration is expected and tolerated at
higher levels, so the HVAC designer must understand first the origins,
then the level of acceptable performance, and finally the mechanisms
of control of sound and vibration to achieve an acceptable level of ser-
vice.
‘‘Sound’’ is a generic term for airborne vibrations transmitted to the
ear or equivalent acoustic sensing device. When sound offends, it is
called ‘‘noise.’’ Sound power levels are measured in watts, and with
10
⫺
12
W being a threshold of hearing, this is defined as being 0 decibels
(dB). Sound is usually measured within and for each octave band,
where the frequency of each successive octave band is twice that of
the previous. A vibration frequency of 31.5 hertz or cycles per second
(Hz) defines the midpoint of the first octave band. Middle C is in the
middle of the fifth octave band at 504 Hz.
Sound or noise is generated by something in motion which sets up
airborne vibration. The sound ‘‘radiates’’ from the point of origin to
the point of detection. Sound power levels in open air diminish with
the square of the distance, but in a smaller confined space, with high
reflectance, the sound power level may be relatively constant over dis-
tance. Sound may be controlled by absorption or confinement. Dense
fibrous mats and accoustical duct liner are examples of absorptive ma-
terials. Masonry or concrete structure, and lead fabrics around a noise
generator are examples of confinement (containment). Combinations
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