Swedish: An Essential Grammar, 2nd edition

med det långa håret, the girl with the long hair; flickan gick utan att
säga adjö, the girl left without saying goodbye.
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Linguistic
terms
233

---

P
RE
-
POSITIONED
means coming in front of another element.
P
RODUCTIVE
implies that a word class or method of word formation is
still being used to produce new words, e.g. the suffix -vänlig in sittvänlig,
comfortable to sit in.
P
ROPER NOUNS
are names of specific people, places, occasions or events,
books, etc., e.g. Olle, Stockholm, Krig och fred.
R
AISING
is the practice of moving an element from a subordinate clause
to the front of the main clause (cf. 
FRONTING
), e.g. Det sa Pelle att vi
inte skulle göra, Pelle said that we should not do that.
R
EAL SUBJECT
is the postponed subject, e.g. Det är roligt att dricka vin,
It’s nice to drink wine. (See 
FORMAL SUBJECT
.)
R
ECIPROCAL
or 
RECIPROCATING
indicates a mutual activity in either the
pronoun, e.g. De älskar varandra, They love one another, or in the
verb, e.g. De kysstes länge, They kissed for a long time.
R
EFLEXIVE
applies to both pronouns and verbs. Reflexive pronouns refer
to the subject in the same clause. They have a distinct form in the 3rd
person, e.g. Han har rakat sig, He has shaved (himself). Reflexive verbs
incorporate such a pronoun: De har lärt sig svenska, They have learned
Swedish.
S
EMANTIC
denotes the meaning of words.
S
ENTENCE
is a syntactic unit that contains a complete meaning and consists
of one or more clauses (cf. 
CLAUSE
). Thus the following three examples
are all sentences: Titta där!, Look there!; Hon tar bussen, när det