2 An imperfect world?
The economic growth and development of the last three decades – along with higher
levels of industrialisation, trade and migration – have allowed for the rise of a more
integrated global labour market. Technology and globalisation have transformed
economies around the world, opened opportunities and cultivated innovative sectors,
but these twin forces have also fostered displacements and new challenges. Dobbs et
al (2012), estimate that in the past decades over one billion non-farm jobs have been
created around the world — 900 million of these in developing economies —lifting
millions of people out of poverty. Take the example of Vietnam: the country created
12 million non-farm jobs from 2000 to 2010 and reduced agricultural employment
by two thirds. At the same time, developed economies have experienced a shift
towards the services industry with an increasing number of companies adopting
technology to help them improve productivity and create millions of new jobs for
high-skill workers.
However, more recently the global financial crisis has caused a sharp upsurge in
unemployment as labour markets constricted, affecting particularly the youth
population more severely than the adult workforce. In 2010, there were over one
billion youth (15-24 years old) globally, the largest population of youth to date.
Despite this large youth population, developing countries have failed to absorb them
into their education systems and labour markets, thereby not comprehensively
benefiting from this “youth dividend.” Figures estimate that 75 million young people
are out of work worldwide, representing 40% of the world’s unemployed. If under-
employed youth were included in the overall estimate, that number would triple. In
addition, the proportion of young people who are neither in employment, education
or training —NEETs—is increasing, generating fears of a ‘lost generation’ of youth
(ILO, 2012). Put simply, this is a massive number of young people who are not able
to participate in the global economy.
That number is only expected to grow in the future. This trend will be exacerbated
further if developing economies cannot find acceptable ways for young women to
access the working world. Not only are developing economies’ youth unable to
match skills to work, but a lack of female participation in the workforce signals that
only half the population is productive outside the home. Female participation in the
workforce is one of the most effective methods of fighting poverty, therefore
developing economies need to put in place the strategies and programs necessary to
increase female presence in the workforce. (ILO, 2014).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |