i f o d a l a n g a n . Q o n b e r u v c h i k i s h i d o n o r , q o n o l u v c h i k i s h i r e t s i p i y e n t d e y i l a d i . I g r u p p a q o n
g r u p p a q o n u n i v e r s a l , q o n b e r a d i g a n k i s h i l a r e s a u n i v e r s a l d o n o r d e b y u r i t i l a d i .
g r u p p a q o n e r i t r o t s i t l a r i d a a g g l y u t i n o g e n
G r u p p a q o n e r i t r o t s i t l a r i d a a g g l yu t i n o g e n V , q o n p l a z m a s i d a a g g l y u t i n i n
G r u p p a q o n e r i t r o t s i t l a r i d a A v a V a g g l y u t i n o g e n l a r m a v j u d b o ’ l i b , q o n p l a z m a s i d a
a g g l y u t i n i n l a r b o ’ l m a y d i . S h u n i n g u c h u n b u g r u p p a n i f a q a t I V g r u p p a g a q u y i s h mu m k i n . L e k i n I V
g r u p p a g a q o l g a n u c h t a g r u p p a d a g i q o n n i q u yi s h mu m k i n . Q o n i t o ’ r t i n c h i g r u p p a b o ’ l g a n o d a ml a r u n i
D o n o r ( l o t i n c h a «h a d y a e t a m a n » d e g a n m a ` n o n i b i l d i r a d i ) b e m o r h a y o t i n i s a q l a b q o l i s h d a
y o r d a m b e r a d i g a n o l i j a n o b i n s o n d i r . B e mo r l a r n i n g k a s a l l i k t u r i g a q a r a b , y a n g i q o n yo k i q o n p l a z m a s i
e r i t r o t s i t m a s s a , l e y k o t s i t ma s s a , t r o mb o t s i t m a s s a y o k i q o n t a r k i b i d a g i o k s i l l a r ( a l b u m i n , g l o b u l i n ,
f i b r i n o g e n , f i b r i p o l i z i n , g a m m a g l o b u l i n l a r ) d a n b i r o r t a s i q u y i l a d i .
K a s a l l i k i i n g o g ’ i r - Y e n g i l l i g i g a v a t u r i g a q a r a b , 2 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 6 0 0 ml g a c h a q o n q u yi s h mu m k i n .
A y r i m k a s a l l i k l a r d a ( k u y g a n d a , z a h a r l a n g a n d a v a b o s h q a l a r d a ) b e mo r n i n g q o n i d o n o r q o n i b i l a n t o ’ l a
a l m a s h t i r i l a d i . B e mo r g a q u yi l g a n q o n u n i n g o r g a n i z m i g a i j o b i y t a ’ s i r e t i b , m u r a k k a b i j o b i y f i z i o l o g i k
o ’ z g a r i s h l a r g a s a b a b b o ’ l a d i . B e m o r g a d o n o r q o n i q u yi l g a n d a u t o mi r l a r d e v o r i d a g i s e z u v c h i n e r v
t o l a l a r i u c h l a r i n i q o ’ z g ’ a t a d i , n a t i j a d a q o n b o s i m i k o ’ t a r i l a d i , y u r a k f a o l i y a t i y a x s h i l a n a d i . N a f a s
o l i s h m s ’ y o r i d a b o ’ l a d i .
B o s h mi y a q o n t o mi r l a r i d a q o n a y l a n i s h b i r m u n c h a y a x s h i l a n a d i . H a t t o b e m o r n i n g i s h t a h a s i
x a m o c h i l a d i , mo d d a l a r a l m a s h i n u v i t e z l a s h a d i , q o n y a r a t u v c h i v a b o s h q a o r g a n l a r i s h i k u c h a y a d i v a
x r k a z o .
Q o n n i n g y o s h g a x o s x u s u s i y a t l a r i
Q o n o d a mn i n g yo s h i g a q a r a b o ’ z g a r i b t u r a d i , a yn i q s a b i r y o s h g a c h a q o n o ’ z x u s u s i y a t i g a
k o ’ r a k a t t a o d a mn i k i d a n f a r q q i l a d i . M o d d a l a r a l m a s h i n u v i , q o n y a r a t u v c h i o r g a n l a r n i n g t u z i l i s h i v a
f u n k t s i y a s i , q o n a yl a n i s h i yo s h g a x o s x u s u s i y a t l a r g a b o g ’ l i q b o ’ l a d i . B o l a q a n c h a yo s h b o ’ l s a ,
m o d d a l a r a l m a s h i n u v i s h u n c h a k u c h l i b o ’ l a d i . Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a n i n g h a r k i l o g r a m m v a z n i g a 1 5 0
s m3 , g o ’ d a k b o l a d a 1 1 0 s m 3 , 7 yo s h d a i 1 2 yo s h g a c h a 7 0 s m3 , 1 5 yo s h d a n b o s h l a b e s a 6 5 s m3 q o n
t o ’ g ’ r i k e l a d i . Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a d a q o n t a p a v a z n i i i n g 1 5 % n i , b i r y a s h a r b o l a d a 1 1 % n i , 6
y o s h d a n 1 4 yo s h g a c h a 1 4 % n i , k a t t a o d a md a e s a 7 % n i t a s h k i l e t a d i . O ’ g ’ i l b o l a d a v a k a t t a y o s h l i
k i s h i d a q o n m i q d o r i q i z l a r v a a y o l l a r d a g p g a n i s b a t a n k o ’ p r o q b o ’ l a d i .
Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a d a q o n n i n g s o l i s h t i r m a o g ’ i r l i g i 1 0 6 0 d a n 1 0 8 0 g a c h a , 2 ya s h a r b o l a d a
1 0 5 0 , yo s h o r t i s h i b i l a n b i r o z k o ’ t a r i l i b , 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 6 2 g a y e t a d i v a d o i m o s h u x i l d a b i r d a y t u r a d i .
Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a d a e r i t r o t s i t l a r k o ’ p b o ’ l g a n i d a n q o n n i n g y o p i s h q o q l i g i 1 0 - 1 1 b o ’ l i b ,
i k k i y o s h d a 6 g a c h a t u s h a d i , k a t t a l a r d a 4 b o ’ l a d i . Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a n i n g q o n p l a z m a s i k o ’ p i b i l a n
q o n n i n g 5 0 % n i t a s h k i l e t a d i . Q o n p l a z m a s i d a o q s i l mi q d o r i k a t t a o d a m d a g i d a n k a m, y a ’ n i 5 , 5 - 6 , 5 %
b o ’ l a d i . 7 y o s h d a p l a z m a d a g i o q s i l l a r m i q d o r i 6 - 7 % n i t a s h k i l e t a d i .
Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a d a p l a z m a a l b u mi n l a r i g a n i s b a t a n g l o b u l i n l a r m i q d o r i k a t t a l a r d a g i g a
q a r a g a n d a k a m b o ’ l a d i . E r i t r o t s i t l a r n i n g c h o ’ k i s h r e a k t s i y a s i ( R O E - S O E ) b i r s o a t d a 2 m m,
c h a q a l o q l a r d a s o a t i g a 4 - 8 m m , 7 - 1 1 y o s h d a b i r s o a t d a 4 - 1 2 m m b o ’ l a d i . Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a n i n g q o n
p l a z m a s i d a o s h t u z i v a q a n d n i i g mi q d o r i n i s b a t a n k a m , 6 yo s h d a k a t t a o d a m n i k i g a y e t a d i . K a l t s i y
t u z l a r i k a t t a o d a mn i k i g a n i s b a t a n k o ’ p b o ’ l a d i . E r i t r o t s i t l a r m i q d o r i k a t t a o d a mn i k i g a q a r a g a n d a
o r t i q b o ’ l i b , 1 m m3 q o n d a 4 , 5 - 7 , 5 ml n b o ’ l i b , 1 2 yo s h d a b u mi q d o r k a t t a o d a m n i k i g a t e n g l a s h a d i . 1 2 -
1 4 yo s h d a e r i t r o t s i t l a r s o n i b i r o z o r t a d i .
Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a l a r d a g e m o g l o b i n mi q d o r i 1 1 0 - 1 1 4 % , 1 0 0 g q o n d a 1 7 - 2 5 g b o ’ l a d i . B o l a
k a t t a b o ’ l g a n s a r i g e mo g l o b i n mi q d o r i k a m a y i b , 1 - 2 yo s h d a 8 0 - 9 0 % b o ’ l a d i . G e mo g l o b i n mi q d o r i ,
e r i t r o t s i t l a r n i n g k o ’ p b o ’ l i s h i b o l a n i n g s o f h a v o d a q a n c h a b o ’ l i s h i g a b o g ’ l i q .
Y a n g i t u g ’ i l g a n b o l a l a r d a l e y k o t s i t l a r n i n g s o n i 1 m m 3 q o n d a 1 0 0 0 0 d a n 2 0 0 0 0 b o ’ l a d i , 1 2
y o s h d a 1 0 0 0 0 d a n 1 2 0 0 0 g a c h a k a m a y a d i . M a k t a b yo s h i d a g i b o l a l a r d a 1 m m 3 q o n d a 7 - 3 mi n g n i
t a s h k i l e t a d i . 3 - 7 y o s h d a n e y t r o f i l l a r s o n i k a m, l i m f o t s i t l a r s o n i e s a a n c h a k o ’ p b o ’ l a d i .
B o l a n i n g yo s h i o r t i s h i b i l a n n e y t r o f i l l a r s o n i o r t i b , l i m f o t s i t l a r s o n i k a m a y a d i . N e y t r o f i l l a r v a
q o n n i n g f a g o t s i t a r f u n k t s i y a s i h a m k a m b o ’ l a d i . B o g ’ c h a y o s h i d a g i b o l a l a r n i yu q u ml i k a s a l l i k l a r g a
t e z c h a l i n i s h i q i s m a n s h u b i l a n i z o h l a n a d i . 8 - 9 yo s h d a n f a g o t s i t a r f u n k t s i y a o r t i b , o r g a n i z mn i n g t u r l i
k a s a l l i k l a r g a c h i d a m l i l i g i o s h a d i . O d a m c h a r c h a g a n d a l e y k o t s i t l a r p a r c h a l a n a b o s h l a y d i .
T r o m b o t s i t l a r n i n g s o n i h a m yo s h g a q a r a b o ’ z g a r i b t u r a d i . K a t t a o d a m d a 1 m m 3 q o n d a 2 0 0 - 4 0 0
m i n g , 1 yo s h g a c h a b o ’ l g a n b o l a l a r d a 1 6 0 - 3 3 0 m i n g , 1 yo s h d a n 2 yo s h g a c h a 1 4 0 - 1 7 0 mi n g , 2 yo s h d a n
3 yo s h g a c h a 1 5 0 - 3 0 0 m i n g , 3 yo s h d a n 4 yo s h g a c h a 3 5 6 - 3 7 0 mi n g b o ’ l a d i . Q o n n i n g i v i s h t e z l i g i
b a r c h a y o s h d a g i b o l a d a b i r x i l b o ’ l i b , 3 - 4 m i n u t d a q o n l a x t a s i x o s i l b o ’ l a d i .
Y a n g i t u g i l g a n b o l a d a q o n s u y a k l a r d a g i q i z i l i l i k d a y a r a t i l a d i . B i r y o s h d a n b o s h l a b q i z i l i l i k
y o g ’ t o ’ q i m a s i b i l a n a l m a s h i n a b o s h l a y d i , b u j a r a y o n d a s t l a b s o n , k a t t a b o l d i r s u y a k l a r i d a , k e c h r o q
u mu r t q a l a r d a b o s h l a n a d i . B e s h y o s h d a n q i z i l i l i k n i n g y o g ’ t o ’ q i m a s i b i l a n a l m a s h i n i s h i a n c h a
t e z l a s h a d i . 8 yo s h d a b o l d i r s u y a k l a r i n i n g y a r m i d a q i z i l i l i k o ’ r n i n i y o g ’ t o ’ q i ma s i q o p l a y d i . 1 2 - 1 5
y o s h d a n b o s h l a b , q o n i y a r a t i l i s h i k a t t a l a r n i k i d e k b o ’ l a d i . B o l a t u g ’ i l g a n d a n s o ’ n g t a l o q t e z o ’ s a
b o s h l a y d i , v a z n i 5 o y l i k d a 2 h i s s a , 1 yo s h d a 3 h i s s a , 1 0 - 1 2 yo s h d a 1 0 h i s s a o r t a d i .
Biz tarbiyachi pedagoglar, tibbiyot hodimlari va ota-onalar bolalar salomatligi uchun qanchalik
kurashmaylik bari-bir bolalar ayrim kasalliklar bilan kasallanadilar. Sog’lik barqarorligiga o’zini
salbiy ta’sirini oshirib borayotgan iqtisodiy va boshqa omillarni ko’rib chiqamiz. Masalan:
kambag’al oiladagi 3 yoshli bolalarning rivojlanganligi, maktabga tayyorgarligi va so’zga
boyligining darajasi namunali oilaning farzandidan 1 yil muddat orqada ekanligi ma’lum bo’ldi. Bola
14 yoshga etgach esa ularning 2 yoshgacha farqi bo’ladi.
Angliyada o’tkazilgan tajribalar shuni ko’rsatdiki past ijtimoiy - iqtisodiy darajadagi oilalarni
2 yoshli bolalarini o’rganilganda ularning ko’rsatgan yuqori natijalari vaqt o’tishi bilan‘asayishi
kuzatildi. Ular 10yoshga etganlarida namunali oilalar farzandlarini 8 yoshli bolalarini o’rtacha
darajasiga teng bo’ladi. Bundan tashqari: sog’lom oziqlanish bo’lmaganligi tufayli Anna va Daniel
kabi bolalar, yoshlari katta insonlar kabi ishemik gipertoniya va yurak kasalliklariga chalinishlari
ko’proq. Shunday qilib bolalarning yoshligidagi salbiy ta’sirlar hayotda ularning kelajakda
salomatligiga ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Tajribalar shuni ko’rsatdiki, Anna va Daniellarni hayoti davomida
ijtimoiy darajasi oshsa ham, bu kabi omillar o’z ta’sirini ko’rsatmay qo’ymaydi. Yuqoridagi
ma’lumotlardan kelib chiqib xulosa qilish mumkinki, past ijtimoiy darajali oilada katta bo’lib, yuqori
darajadagi ijtimoiy qatlam a’zolariga qo’shilgan bolalar sog’lig’i jixatidan ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi
yuqori darajadagi bolalardan farq qiladi.
3
Chapter 1 discusses how the consequences of growing up in disadvantaged environments
become apparent very early on in life, and increase the chances of adverse developmental outcomes,
worse health, and negative behavioural and economic outcomes over the life course. For example, it
cites evidence that as early as the age of three, children from poor homes are already up to a year
behind middle class peers in 'school readiness' and 'level of vocabulary' By the age of 14, they are
almost two years behind. A cohort study in England reveals that the cognitive abilities of children
from lower socio-economic groups who had strong average scores at two years of age declined over
time. By the time they were ten, the abilities of these children had been overtaken by those of
children from higher socio-economic classes that had low average scores at two years, but whose
abilities increased over time. Furthermore, if children like Anna and Daniel are exposed to unhealthy
diets, they are more likely to develop medical conditions like coronary heart disease as adults. The
consequences of economic and social problems in childhood will therefore exert a long-lasting nega-
tive impact on their health throughout their lives. Research has revealed that even if Anna or Damien
manage to climb up the social ladder, this will not undo the potential damage of earlier structural
disadvantage upon their lives. Thus moving from low socio-economic status during childhood to
high adult socio-economic status does not necessarily lead to commensurate gains in health in
adulthood.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: