Ultralearning

see also
 distractions
optimal length of, 79–80
procrastinating and, 
see
 procrastinating
schedules and, 76–77
Foer, Joshua, 174
fooling oneself, understanding and, 187–88, 190–91, 192
forgetting, 159–63, 175–76
see also
 retention
formal discipline theory, 95–96
forward-testing effect, 126–27
Fowler, Trent, 22
Franklin, Benjamin, 106–9, 111, 114, 115, 118
free (active) recall, 121–23, 125, 131, 157, 166, 176
games (video), 12–15
Gauguin, Paul, 201, 206
Gendler, Michael, 42–45, 144–45
general theory of relativity, 72
genes, intelligence and, 36
genius, 34–35, 177, 179
genetics and, 240
L. Polgár's theory of, 236, 239–40
Gleick, James, 179
globalization, 28
Graham, Paul, xiv
habits, low-intensity, learning and, 229–31
Hardy, G. H., 119–20, 121
Harvest Moon
 (video game), 12

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Haskell, Robert, 94, 96–97, 100
Herschel, Caroline, 71
humility, learning and, 256
Hungarian Chess Federation, 237
hyperpolyglots, 9
illusion of explanatory depth, 187–88, 192
income inequality, 28
“Influence  of  Improvement  in  One  Mental  Function  upon  the  Efficiency  of  Other  Functions,  The”
(Thorndike and Woodworth), 95–96
informational feedback, 141, 143–44
instrumental learning projects, 58
intelligence, genes and, 36
interference, retention and, 161–62
intrinsic learning projects, 58–59
intuition (ultralearning principle), 49, 177–96, 223, 248
demystifying of, 195–96
Feynman Technique for developing, 191–95
problem solving and, 
see
 problem solving
italki, 166
Jaiswal, Vatsal, 87–90, 93
James, William, 119
Jaunzeikare, Diana, 21–22
Jefferson, Thomas, 107
Jeopardy!
 (TV show), 9–12, 33, 91, 93, 99–100, 137, 163, 165, 229, 251
Johnston, Philip, 106
judgments of learning (JOLs), 124
Kac, Mark, 177
Karpicke, Jeffrey, 122–23, 124, 132
Kasparov, Garry:
initial sexism of, 234
J. Polgár's first match with, 234–35
J. Polgár's rematch with, 238–39
keyword mnemonic method, 173–74
Kluger, Avraham, 138–39
knowledge, unlimited expansion of, 256–57
Kulik, Chen-Lin C., 146–47
Kulik, James A., 146–47
language learning, 5–9, 209–10
immersive, ix, x, 51–53, 56, 91, 92, 102
metalearning and, 53–54, 55–56
procedural memory in, 169
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 71, 72
Latin, study of, 96
Law of Diminishing Returns, 68
Lawson, Rebecca, 187–88
learning:
asking questions and, 190–91

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coercive, 244
concept mapping and, 122–23, 124, 132–33
creating inspiring goals in, 250–51
by doing, xi, 92–93, 99; 
see also
 directness
free (active) recall and, 121–23, 131
humility and, 256
immersive, 17–19, 102–3; 
see also
 language learning, immersive
indirect approaches to, 91–92, 97, 101, 105
lifelong, 232
low-intensity habits for, 229–31
passive review and, 121–22, 124, 130
prioritizing of, 253–54
project-based, 101–2
rate-determining steps in, 109–11, 112, 113
research on, 254–57
retrieval and, 
see
 retrieval
role play in, 243–44
self-confidence and, xiv, 256
technology and, 5, 29–32
transfer and, 
see
 transfer
see also
 ultralearning, ultralearners
Lee, T. D., 186, 187
Leonardo da Vinci, 87, 197
levels-of-processing effect, 189–90
Lewis, Benny, 5–9, 17, 21, 33–34, 40, 91, 92, 104–5, 117, 125–26, 137, 151, 163, 229
lifelong learning, 232
Littlewood, John, 120
McKeachie, Wilbert, 96
Magnifying Glass Method, 116
Maini, Vishal, 32, 100
Mair, Victor, 66
Manhattan Project, 178
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), online course of, 1–5
mastery:
experimentation and, 203–4
ultralearners and, 100–101
mathematics, 1–2, 22, 63, 109
Feynman and, 177–78, 179, 180, 181
Ramanujan and, 119–21, 123
Somerville and, 71–73
Tao and, 34–36
Mauve, Anton, 201
Mednis, Edmar, 234
Meena, Rajveer, 173
memory, 
see
 retention
Memrise, 165
metafeedback, 150
metalearning (ultralearning principle), xiii, 48, 51–69, 203, 217, 222, 245–46
definition of, 53

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expert interviews in, 59–60
“How?” questions in, 58, 64–65
long-term effects of, 57, 68–69
as mapmaking, 54–56
planning time in, 66–68
short-term strategies for, 56–69
“What?” questions in, 58, 61–64
“Why?” questions in, 57–61
metalinguistic awareness, 55
mindset:
experimentation and, 207–8
fixed vs. growth, 207, 213–14
MIT Challenge, x, 2–5, 15–16, 67, 92, 93, 144, 167, 169, 171, 250, 261–63
mnemonics, 172–75, 209–10, 214
monolingual fieldwork, 54