Estimates of US independent workforce as % of working-age population
1 Includes those who work full time (16.9 million), part time (12.5 million), or occasionally (10.5 million) as consultants, freelancers, on contract, or performing
temporary or on-call work each week.
2 Includes labor services and some leasing but excludes selling goods.
27
22
20
18
16
12
11
10
4
4
1
Intuit
MGI Survey
JPMorgan Chase Institute
Katz & Krueger
Katz & Krueger
<1
BLS
MGI Survey
MBO Partners
1
Burson-Marsteller
2
Kelly Services
Freelancers Union
MGI Survey
Online
platforms
only
Primary
workers only
Primary and
supplemental
workers
DUPLICATE from Report
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Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy
3. MGI SURVEY METHODOLOGY
In addition to drawing on the data and studies described above, MGI conducted a custom
survey in collaboration with ResearchNow. It was administered to a sample of working-age
respondents across the United States and five European countries (the United Kingdom,
Germany, France, Sweden, and Spain). To arrive at the final statistics we report in this
research, the responses for each of our European survey countries were population-
weighted and extrapolated to the full EU-15.
The participants were carefully chosen as a representative sample of the population in each
country controlling for age, gender, and geographic region. In the United States, we also
controlled for household income, ethnicity and race, and Hispanic origin. The distribution
of responses we eventually collected fell within 3 percentage points of the sampling targets
for all control variables. Since we did not explicitly control for education, however, our final
sample is somewhat more educated than the population at large.
The survey was administered electronically in June and July 2016 and yielded a total of
8,131 responses across all six surveyed countries, with at least 1,200 responses in each
individual country.
It is important to note that not all analyses described in this report use the full number of
responses, however. In particular, when describing the relative sizes of our four segments
of independent workers, we only consider the subset of the population that engages in
independent work. This results in a sample size of 2,259 independent workers across our
six countries (as opposed to the 8,131 total responses). In the United States, the sample size
of independent workers was 487 out of the 1,804 responses collected. Nevertheless, we
did ensure that all results mentioned in the text of the report are statistically significant at the
95 percent confidence level given the particular sample sizes in each comparison. Results
that fell short of statistical significance were either explicitly reported as such or not included
at all.
We acknowledge that our survey may not reflect the full extent of independent work that
occurs in the informal economy. Individuals who are offline, those who have language
barriers, and those who are paid off the books or do not have official immigration status are
some of the most vulnerable independent workers—but by its nature, this activity is difficult
to measure through surveys.
Rather than asking independent workers to self-identify, the MGI survey asked each
respondent to describe various characteristics of each of their income streams in order to
be comprehensive and uniform across geographies.
We designed the survey to capture each respondent’s complete work-life context (including
all sources of active income over the past 12 months) as well as their satisfaction with their
current state and their future desires. The majority of questions asked the respondents to
select an answer from a pre-defined set of options presented in a randomized order so as to
avoid introducing a bias. The core of the survey focused on the details of the jobs or income-
earning activities in which each respondent participated. It included questions focusing on
flexibility, exclusivity, compensation, and duration of the work relationship. The full set of
these questions was repeated for each activity to allow us to evaluate them at an individual
level rather than focusing only on a person’s primary source of income.
Since we asked respondents to describe their work situation over the previous 12 months
rather than at a given point in time, we do not expect seasonality to have an impact on
our estimates. While we translated the survey to the national language of each country
and adapted it to the local context, the response options offered were designed to be
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McKinsey Global Institute
Appendix: Technical notes
comparable across all the surveys. Exhibits A3 and A4 show the mapping used for key
demographic variables in each individual country.
Exhibit A3
SOURCE: McKinsey Global Institute analysis
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