party for a young English mathematician named Graham. He stood up to
recite a poem and forgot his lines, and Joyce became embarrassed for him—
even though it made no sense for her to feel embarrassed, because she did not
know him at all. Joyce and Graham fell in love and got married. They moved
to Canada. Graham was a math professor. Joyce became a successful writer
and a family therapist. They had three sons and built a beautiful house on a
hill, off in the countryside. Graham’s last name is Gladwell. He is my father,
and Joyce Gladwell is my mother.
2.
That is the story of my mother’s path to success—and it isn’t true. It’s not a
lie in the sense that the facts were made up. But it is false in the way that
telling the story of Bill Gates without mentioning the computer at Lakeside is
false, or accounting for Asian math prowess without going back to the rice
paddies is false. It leaves out my mother’s many opportunities and the
importance of her cultural legacy.
In 1935, for example, when my mother and her sister were four, a
historian named William M. MacMillan visited Jamaica. He was a professor
at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa.
MacMillan was a man before his time: he was deeply concerned with the
social problems of South Africa’s black population, and he came to the
Caribbean to make the same argument he had made back home in South
Africa.
Chief among MacMillan’s concerns was Jamaica’s educational system.
Formal schooling—if you could call what happened in the wooden barn next
door to my grandparents’ house “formal schooling”—went only to fourteen
years of age. Jamaica had no public high schools or universities. Those with
academic inclinations took extra classes with the head teacher in their teenage
years and with luck made it into teachers’ college. Those with broader
ambitions had to somehow find their way into a private school, and from
there to a university in the United States or England.
But scholarships were few and far between, and the cost of private
schooling was prohibitive for all but a privileged few. The “bridge from the
primary schools” to high school, MacMillan later wrote, in a blistering
critique of England’s treatment of its colonies entitled
Warning from the West
Indies,
“is narrow and insecure.” The school system did nothing for the
“humblest” classes. He went on: “If anything these schools are a factor
deepening and sharpening social distinctions.” If the government did not give
its people opportunities, he warned, there would be trouble.
A year after MacMillan published his book, a wave of riots and unrest
swept the Caribbean. Fourteen people were killed and fifty-nine injured in
Trinidad. Fourteen were killed and forty-seven injured in Barbados. In
Jamaica, a series of violent strikes shut down the country, and a state of
emergency was declared. Panicked, the British government took MacMillan’s
prescriptions to heart and, among other reforms, proposed a series of “all-
island” scholarships for academically minded students to go to private high
schools. The scholarships began in 1941. My mother and her twin sister sat
for the exam the following year. That is how they got a high school
education; had they been born two or three or four years earlier, they might
never have gotten a full education. My mother owes the course her life took
to the timing of her birth, to the rioters of 1937, and to W. M. MacMillan.
I described Daisy Nation, my grandmother, as “renowned for her beauty.”
But the truth is that was a careless and condescending way to describe her.
She was a force. The fact that my mother and her sister left Harewood for
Saint Hilda’s was my grandmother’s doing. My grandfather may have been
an imposing and learned man, but he was an idealist and a dreamer. He
buried himself in his books. If he had ambitions for his daughters, he did not
have the foresight and energy to make them real. My grandmother did. Saint
Hilda’s was her idea: some of the wealthier families in the area sent their
daughters there, and she saw what a good school meant. Her daughters did
not play with the other children of the village. They read. Latin and algebra
were necessary for high school, so she had her daughters tutored by
Archdeacon Hay.
“If you’d asked her about her goals for her children, she would have said
she wanted us out of there,” my mother recalls. “She didn’t feel that the
Jamaican context offered enough. And if the opportunity was there to go on,
and you were able to take it, then to her the sky was the limit.”
When the results came back from the scholarship exam, only my aunt was
awarded a scholarship. My mother was not. That’s another fact that my first
history was careless about. My mother remembers her parents standing in the
doorway, talking to each other. “We have no more money.” They had paid
the tuition for the first term and bought the uniforms and had exhausted their
savings. What would they do when the second-term fees for my mother came
due? But then again, they couldn’t send one daughter and not the other. My
grandmother was steadfast. She sent both—and prayed—and at the end of the
first term, it turned out that one of the other girls at the school had won two
scholarships, so the second was given to my mother.
When it came time to go to university, my aunt, the academic twin, won
what was called a Centenary Scholarship. The “Centenary” was a reference to
the fact that the scholarship was established one hundred years after the
abolition of slavery in Jamaica. It was reserved for the graduates of public
elementary schools, and, in a measure of how deeply the British felt about
honoring the memory of abolition, there was a total of one Centenary
scholarship awarded every year for the whole island, with the prize going to
the top girl and the top boy in alternating years. The year my aunt applied
was one of the “girl” years. She was lucky. My mother was not. My mother
was faced with the cost of passage to England, room and board and living
expenses, and tuition at the University of London. To get a sense of how
daunting that figure was, the value of the Centenary scholarship my aunt won
was probably as much as the sum of my grandparents’ annual salaries. There
were no student loan programs, no banks with lines of credit for
schoolteachers out in the countryside. “If I’d asked my father,” my mother
says, “he would have replied, ‘We have no money.’ ”
What did Daisy do? She went to the Chinese shopkeeper in a neighboring
town. Jamaica has a very large Chinese population that since the nineteenth
century has dominated the commercial life of the island. In Jamaican
parlance, a store is not a store, it is a “Chinee-shop.” Daisy went to the
“Chinee-shop,” to Mr. Chance, and borrowed the money. No one knows how
much she borrowed, although it must have been an enormous sum. And no
one knows why Mr. Chance lent it to Daisy, except of course that she was
Daisy Nation, and she paid her bills promptly and had taught the Chance
children at Harewood School. It was not always easy to be a Chinese child in
a Jamaican schoolyard. The Jamaican children would taunt the Chinese
children. “
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