8.12. Pd-Zn catalyzed transformations of Syn gas to
dimethyl ether (STD)
Behrens group explored the possibility of improving catalytic
performance in the direction conversion of syngas into
dimethyl ether (DME).
[62]
Well defined Pd/Zn-based
nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in colloidal form,
efficiently catalyzed the hydrogenation of CO to DME.
These operations were monitored by high-pressure operando
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) supported by density
functional theory (DFT) calculations. Dual NPs were
prepared by reacting Pd(acac)
2
and Et
2
Zn, yielding an organic
shell containing palladium core in close contact to Zn-metal.
Palladium(0) must always be bound to Zn
2+
atom at molecular
level and the concentration of zinc must be kept high. Else,
the side reaction, namely the formation of methane prevails in
presence of naked Pd(0) metal. The TEM images showed
uniform Pd/Zn NPs of diameter in the range 1.6-2.4 nm. The
Pd-Zn were deposited on
γ
-Al
2
O
3
and subjected to calcination
to afford two bifunctional STD (
single-step syngas-to-
dimethyl ether process
) catalysts with Pd loadings of 8.4 wt%
and 14.3% Pd-Zn on Al
2
O
3
were obtained.
The catalytic properties of the bifunctional PdZn catalysts in
the STD reaction were determined in a fixed-bed reactor (50
bar, 250
o
C - 300
o
C, 70 vol% inert gas (Ar/N
2
) using syngas
with a H
2
:CO composition of 1:1. The CO conversion
increased with temperature until a maximum at 290
o
C,
further increase of temperature led to equilibrium reactions
and lowered CO conversion of 34% at 300
o
C. Other catalytic
systems, namely Pd
2
Ga NPs and Cu/Zn-based reference
catalysts showed either a lower DME selectivity or a
progressive deactivation of catalysts under above conditions.
The active species were found by XAS and XANES spectrum
(X-ray absorption near edge structure) by in situ analysis of
the reaction mixture at 20 bar pressure of hydrogen. A
complete reduction of PdO in the calcined catalyst was
observed in the XANES spectrum that showed ~0.8 eV shift
of the rising eduge to higher energies and shifts of all maxima
to lower energies compared to Pd(0) reference spectrum. No
reduction of ZnO was found, indicating formation of only
PdH
x
species.
Beyond 45
o
C, spillover of hydrogen from PdHx to ZnO
happened leading to Pd(0) NPs as observed by Pd K-edge
position and no significant change occurred in the spectra
at above 180
o
C. The changes in the coordination numbers
were noticed at high pressure using operando XAS and on-
line mass spectrometry measurements. The coordination
numbers decreased from 7.1 (Pd-Zn) and 3.6 (Pd-Pd) in the
hydrogen-activated catalyst to 5.5 (Pd-Zn) and 2.6 (Pd-Pd)
during DME synthesis. This ratio remained unchanged at 2:1
that was in good agreement with the intermetallic bulk
structure. This decrease in CN suggests an increase in
dispersion or an increase in surface area. These observations
were supported by DFT analysis.
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