67
functionality with 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid
68
followed by treatment with palladium acetate afforded the
phosphino-ester derivative
69
.
Scheme 32. Synthesis of cellulose-embedded Palladium
diphenylphosphino NPs
TEM images of the catalyst showed average diameter of ~1
nm with bimodal size distribution. The Pd 3d line was
indicated by Pd(II) and Pd(0) by XPS analysis. The relative
concentration of these changed slightly from 0.44 in the fresh
catalyst to the 0.39 in the reused catalyst. TGA indicated
thermal stability with decomposition beginning at 225
o
C.
The catalyst was tested for the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) cross-
couplings (Figure 2). Among halides, aryl bromides and
iodides reacted well, in general, while MIDA boronate and
boronic acid were also well tolerated. The reaction was
extended to Sonogashira coupling (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Examples of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling
The
reaction
tolerated
nitro,
acetyl,
nitrile,
ester,
trifluoromethylether,
sulfonamide,
aldehyde
and
trifluoromethyl functional groups without impact on yield of
the reaction. Further, the scope of the methodology was
extended to Heck cross-coupling (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Examples of the Sonogashira cross-coupling
The electron-rich and electron-deficient residues displayed no
change in their rates. Further, special functional groups such
as ketal, sulfonamide, difluoromethyl and pentafluorosulfur
moiety were remained intact with no side reactions such as
ester hydrolysis. The reaction was
Figure 4. Examples of the Heck cross-couplings
10.1002/ajoc.202000379
Accepted
Manuscript
Asian Journal Of Organic Chemistry
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
further tested in tandem reaction, C-H activation followed by
annulation to provide hydroxyisoindolone derivative (Figure
4). It was also employed on gram scale synthesis using Heck
coupling strategy using only 1 mol% catalyst to afford
product in 88% yield (1.37 grams). Sterically congested 2,6-
dimethyl-phenylboronic acid was coupled with aryl trilfate to
yield a ligand precursor and finally in the preparation of
dibromoperylene dimide (PDIs) based organic materials by
double substitution reaction (Figure 5). It is important to note
that the catalyst can be filtered and recycled up to 5 times
without losing its catalytic activity. Control experiments
involving mixing of palladium acetate with cellulose particles
led to 80% reduction in yield, even after second cycles.
Further, the mere mixing did not catalyze the Heck cross
coupling. This clearly suggested that heterogeneity of the
protocol and could be a choice for pharmaceutical industry.
Figure 5. Applications of the cellulose-palladium nanocatalyst
in the scale up, ligand precursor and PDIs
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