Advantages
Disadvantages
Obs.
Cubic Spline
Interpolates data
points
Can present
unexpected
inflections
Bézier
The control polygon
lies outside the data
points
Global behavior
Degree increases
directly with the
increasing number
of control points
Representation of Conic Shapes (5)
•
A complete ellipse can be represented applying an affine
transformation to a circumference, for example, one
represented by 7 control points, keeping the distribution of
the weights and the knot vector.
X
=
0.0,0.0,0.0,0.25,0.5,0.5,0.75,1.0,1.0,1.0
W
=
1.0,0.5,0.5,1.0,0.5,0.5,1.0
P
=
P
1
,
P
2
,
P
3
,
P
4
,
P
5
,
P
6
,
P
7
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
19
12
Summary - Parametric Curves (2)
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
21
Curve Generation
Interpolation
(curve
contains all the data points)
Approximation
(curve
tries to minimize the
distance to all the data
points)
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
22
Advantages
Disvantages
Obs.
B-Spline
Local behavior
Degree independent
of the number of
control points
Can NOT
represent conic
shapes accurately
Beta-Spline
Two additional
parameters to
control (bias and
tension)
Used in fairing
methods
NURBS
Accurate
representation of
conics
It is difficult to
take advantage of
the additional
coordinate
(weight)
State of the art.
Used in most
existing CAD
systems
13
Analysis of Curve Curvature (2)
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
24
Analysis of Curve Curvature (1)
•
The curvature of a space curve is defined by:
(
t
)
=
x
(
t
)
x
(
t
)
x
(
t
)
3
•
The distribution of this curvature along the curve can be
represented using the method of the
“porcupine”
•
vectors with modules proportional to the values of the
curvature at each point
•
normal to the curve at that point
•
oriented to the opposite side of the centre of curvature
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
23
14
NURBS Surfaces
•
A NURBS surface of degree (k,l) in the directions (u,v) is
defined by the expression:
n
m
P
.
w
i
,
j
i
,
j
.
N
i
,
k
(
u
)
M
j
,
l
(
v
)
S
(
u
,
v
)
=
i
=
0
j
=
0
i
=
0
j
=
0
n
m
w
.
N
i
,
j
i
,
k
(
u
)
M
v
j
,
l
(
)
N
i
,0
(
u
)
=
1
p
/
u
i
u <
u
i
+
1
=
0
N
i
,
k
(
u
)
=
u
−
u
i
N
i
,
k
−
1
(
u
)
+
u
i
+
k
−
u
i
u
i
+
k
−
u
u
i
+
k
−
u
i
+
1
M
j
,
l
(
v
)
=
v
M
j
,0
(
v
)
=
1
p
/
=
0
v
−
v
j
v
j
v <
v
j
+
1
j
+
l
−
v
j
M
j
,
l
−
1
(
v
)
+
N
i
+
1,
k
−
1
(
u
)
v
j
+
l
−
v
M
j
+
1,
l
−
1
(
v
)
v
j
+
l
−
v
j
+
1
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
26
Parametric Surfaces
1.
NURBS Surfaces
2.
Surfaces Generation
•
Extrusion
•
Lofting
•
Sweeping
•
Revolution
•
Grid Interpolation
•
Primitives
3.
Surface Analysis
•
Shading
•
Contours
•
Curvatures
•
Isophotes
•
Reflection Lines
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
25
15
Lofting
Sections
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
28
Extrusion
Trajectory (
directriz
)
Profile (
geratriz
)
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
27
16
Sweeping
Profile (
geratriz
)
Trajectory (
directriz
)
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
30
Lofting in Shipbuilding
•
The designation
lofting
has
origin in shipbuilding
•
Designates the
development of the ship
hull surface interpolating
the shape of a set of cross
sections, that was carried
out in the loft room (
sala
do risco
)
The primitive building process was
similar to the modeling process,
using the frames to shape the hull
surface form.
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
29
17
Edge Curves
Surfaces
defined by 2,
3, or 4 edge
curves
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
32
Surfaces of Revolution
Profile (
geratriz
)
Axis (
Eixo de rotação
)
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
31
18
Elementary Primitive Shapes
•
Box
•
Cone
•
Cylinder
•
Sphere
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
34
Grid Interpolation
•
Surface generated from a regular grid of curves
•
Provide a better control over the inner shape of the surface
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
33
19
Surface Analysis - Contours
Contours
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
36
Shading
M.Ventura
Introduction to Geometric
Modeling
35
Surface Analysis
- Shading
20
Surface Analysis
–
Curvature
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