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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

Impact of Reforms 
Since then, the government has taken concrete steps that have led to a marked decline in the 
number of people being forced into the fields: 
wages for cotton pickers have increased attracting 
more voluntary pickers and providing welcome seasonal income for rural communities;
 
the use of 
forced labour is now a criminal offence under Uzbek law for repeat offenders; there are now more 
trained labour inspectors; a nationwide outreach campaign has raised awareness among the 
population; and there has been an increased number of investigations and punishments for the use 
of forced labour. 
 
 
Although President Mirziyoyev cannot be considered a democratic reformer, he is no Vaclav Havel, 
and while 
the reform process has focussed mainly on the economy,
 he deserves some credit. He has 
begun to discuss the huge backlog of human rights issues in the country and there has been a 
significant opening up to international organisations, such as the International Labour Organisation 
(ILO) and United Nations (UN) agencies. 
Independent media outlets have sprung up that have 
surprised with vocal criticism of the government and hundreds of political prisoners have been 
released. Civil society, however, for the most part remains weakened by decades of Soviet-style 
dictatorship and plans to reverse that still do not yet appear to be moving up the line of priorities of 
presidential decrees. In a country attempting such sweeping reforms without actually altering the 
authoritarian nature of government, there are bound to be challenges in the implementation of new 
laws in the absence of independent institutions.
 
 
                                                           
417
 Uzbek-German Forum for Human Rights, “Cotton – it’s not a plant, it’s politics”. The system of forced labour in Uzbekistan’s cotton 
sector, January 2013, https://www.uzbekforum.org/cotton-its-not-a-plant-its-politics-the-system-of-forced-labour-in-uzbekistans-cotton-
sector/ 
418
 See: http://www.cottoncampaign.org/; Pledge Signatories, Responsible Sourcing Network, (continuously updated), 
https://www.sourcingnetwork.org/cotton-pledge-signatories-complete-list 
419
 Cotton Campaign, Formal Complaint Filed with World Bank Inspection Panel, September 2013, 
http://www.cottoncampaign.org/formal-complaint-filed-with-the-world-bank-inspection-panel.html 
420
 Address by Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the General Debate of the 72
nd
 Session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 2017, 
https://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/72/uz_en.pdf 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
111 
 
Not all efforts to reform the cotton sector however have proved efficient and often expose uneven 
and sometimes arbitrary application.
421
 Mechanisms such as hotlines to report instances of forced 
labour have been shown to be ineffective because they are not independent of the government and 
require complainants to divulge personal information such as name, address, passport number and 
place of work. Many victims are therefore naturally reluctant to file complaints for fear of reprisals. 
Criminalisation of forced labour only came into force in 2020 for repeat offenders and although 
there have been administrative punishments, they were often not made public. In some cases where 
perpetrators were held accountable, forced labour continued at the same premises by the same 
perpetrator only days later.
422
 Because of a lack of transparency in how investigations are handled, it 
appears that those held accountable are not actually the ones giving orders to forcibly recruit cotton 
pickers. Where doctors and teachers were found guilty of using forced labour, no-one investigated 
further as to why people with no connection to the cotton sector would be motivated to lose their 
staff to picking cotton.  
 
Uzbek Forum’s latest report on the 2019 harvest found that forced labour remained widespread, 
albeit to a far lesser degree than in previous years, a sign that the reform process is indeed taking 
hold.
423
 However, the ILO’s estimate of 102,000 forced pickers, based on a nationwide telephone 
poll, does not appear to reflect the wider patterns of coercion that Uzbek Forum monitors 
documented. A lack of effective recruitment systems, for example, mean that local authorities are 
still involved in mobilising pickers. Given the power these officials wield over local communities, 
such as the disbursement of social benefits, the pressure to follow the call to the fields is difficult to 
withstand. As one community leader pointed out, “It’s a good thing that we control their benefits 
payments, or we would never be able to find enough pickers to fulfill our recruitment quota.”
424
  
 
There is clear evidence of the continued role of the state in cotton production, despite the 
privatisation process. In many cases documented by Uzbek Forum monitors during the 2019 harvest, 
orders were given to state- and privately-owned enterprises including banks, local administrations 
and government agencies to either send employees to the fields or pay for replacement pickers, 
leaving many employees short of up to two months’ salary during the harvest. In short, Uzbekistan’s 
cotton sector still has red flags all over it (although it is worth remembering that there were a 
number of private companies operating in Uzbekistan even while schoolchildren, some as young as 
ten, were routinely bussed from school to pick cotton in the blazing sun and exposed to dangerous 
chemicals). So despite reforms, the question remains as to why they have not yet led to the 
eradication of forced labour.  
 

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