№ 10 (91)
октябрь, 2021 г.
67
Different cleaning techniques are known: mechanical,
chemical, electrochemical, others [6]. If the mechanical
method restorer removes the tarnish layer with cotton wool
and a special paste and polishes the artifact at the same
time. Chalk (more precisely, calcium), which is found on
some silver artifacts, is most likely a consequence of long-
term cleaning of silver.
The State Hermitage Museum uses a chemical one
mainly: the silver artifacts are cleaned in special local
composition (Flurin), then rinsed with distilled water
many-many times and wiped off with a towel. A white
coating may remain on the silver — this is AgCl, which
is removed with ammonia. Apparently, “Flurin” appeared
according to patent # 2177053 [7] of Alexander Flate
and Galina Yuretskaya. We do not know how “Flurin ''
interacts with silver chloride: dissolves the chloride,
rinses off the chloride (reducing adhesion), or nothing.
What happens if, for example, horny silver is dipped in
flurin? Most likely, nothing will happen, but this needs
to be checked.
Any spectrometer, like other devices, is appropriate
for capturing spectrum, if the spectrum error is less than
the result itself. If the error is comparable to or greater
than the result, the result is unreliable. The error δY is
the distance between the true and measured values with
a given probability. The dimension of the error is the same
as the dimension of Y, the value of the error depends on
the measurement method. As a rule, we either a) know
δx, the derivative δY/δx and the probability distribution
law or b) we can estimate δY from external considerations
(the manufacturer does not help with this often). If the error
is infinite (very large), then any measured value is correct
and the probability is equal to one.
Accuracy is usually associated with a measurement
scale if the device is professional, the accuracy is half a
division of the scale. The error is also equal to half a
division of the scale. The scale of any device is finite,
and everything that is simply added to the measurements
is not taken into account in the error. Precision depends
on the distance between the experimental values. Reso-
lution is the minimum distance that can be seen; this is
a characteristic of optical instruments. If the relative er-
ror is 10%, then only 80% of the first digits are correct,
if 30%, then 40%. If the relative error is 50% or more,
the first digit is not true. Some special reason is required
to measure with an accuracy of 30% -50%.
The result of portable XRF is the thickness and ele-
mental composition of the layers, the result of IR or Ra-
man spectrometers is the chemical formula. Both results
have no mathematical meaning, these are spec character-
istics, only written in symbols. Fitting means you find a
spectrum that differs less from the experimental spec-
trum. The quality of the fit is ∑P
i
N
i
, where P
i
is the prob-
ability that the experimental spectrum is similar to the
spectrum i, N is the number of possible “formulas” for
curve i.
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