Unrestricted universals. According to this type of universals linguistic supposition of hypotheses is not restricted. E.g.
all languages have vowels or for all languages the number of phonemes is not fewer that 10 or more that 70 or every language has
at least 2 vowels.
Universal implication. These universals involve the relationship between two characteristics. If a language has a certain
characteristics, it has also some particular characteristics but not vise-versa i.e. the presence of the second doesn’t empty the
presence of the firs.
If a language has a category of dual number it has also a category of plural but not vise-versa. Such implications are
numerous particularly in the phonological aspect of languages.
Comparative typology is a branch of general linguistic typology. It deals with a comparison of languages.
Comparative typology compares the systems of two or more concrete languages and creates common typological laws.
The comparison of the system of two languages are compared first of all.
As for the classification of comparative typology, we must underline that there are different viewpoints to this problem.
But the most suitable is Dr. Buranov’s classification, who suggested the following three criteria:
1. Branches of Comparative Typology as to the object of investigation.
2. Branches of Comparative Typology as to the levels of language hierarchy
3. Branches of Comparative Typology as to two plans of language
4. Types of language comparison
Branches of Comparative Typology as to two plans of language: formal typology and semantic typology.
Formal typology deals with the units of expression plan of the language which belongs to various levels of language
hierarchy. The ultimate goal of Formal typology is identifying formal universals. The major tasks of Formal typology embrace but
are not limited to the following:
-reveal external or formal features of the language;
-establish common principles of the script, e.g. graphic systems, alphabets, the system of transcription signs, punctuation;
-establish formal structures of the syllable, composite words, word combinations;
-establish the formal structure of the sentence etc.
Semantic typology is a branch of Comparative Typology studying the semantic structure of the language and related to the units
of content plan. The ultimate goal of Semantic typology is identifying semantic universals which are directly related to the deep
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