Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan



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environment-pollution-development-the-case-of-uzbekistan

 27
Table 3.2. 
Freshwater withdrawal by Country and Sector (top 15 countries, 
per capita)
1
Country
Total  Fresh water 
Withdrawal
(km
3
/yr)
Per Capita 
Withdrawal
(m
3
/p/yr)
Domestic 
Use (%)
Industrial 
Use (%)
Agri cultural 
Use (%)
Turkmenistan
24.65
5104
2
1
98
Kazakhstan
35
2360
2
17
82
Uzbekistan
58.34
2194
5
2
93
Guyana
1.64
2187
2
1
98
Hungary
21.03
2082
9
59
32
Azerbaijan
17.25
2051
5
28
68
Kyrgyzstan
10.08
1916
3
3
94
Tajikistan
11.96
1837
4
5
92
USA
477
1600
13
46
41
Suriname
0.67
1489
4
3
93
Iraq
42.7
1482
3
5
92
Canada
44.72
1386
20
69
12
Thailand
82.75
1288
2
2
95
Ecuador
16.98
1283
12
5
82
Australia
24.06
1193
15
10
75
200
400
0
600 km
LAKE
BALKHASH
CASPIAN
SEA
ARAL
SEA
IRAN
AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
CHINA
RUSSIA
RUSSIA
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
KAZAKHSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
Flow generation:  
water available in the country from rainfall and glacier melt
Water abstraction: 
withdrawal from surface water sources (rivers, canals and lakes)
Metres
0
500
1 000
2 000
3 000
200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
km
3
 per year
Amu-Dary
a
Syr-Dary
a

Gleick P.H. (2008). «The World’s Water 2008-2009». Island Press, Washington, 
D.C.
Figure 3.5. 
Water 
withdrawal and 
availability in the Aral 
Sea basin (Philippe 
Rekacewicz, UNEP/
GRID-Arendal)


28 
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The territory of Uzbekistan is an inland basin of the Aral Sea, to 
which all its rivers and lakes drain. Water resources include natural 
surface and ground water as well as recycled waterAll countries in 
Central Asia jointly use the surface water of the Aral Sea basin. Water 
reserves  in  the  lakes  of  the  mountainous  area  of  the  Amu  Darya 
River make up 46 km
3
, while reserves from the Syr Darya River total 
4 km
3 1
. Excluding the Aral Sea, the total volume of water from the 
plains  is  approximately  70 km
3
. The volume of ice in the glaciers 
of the Gissar-Alay area is estimated at 88 km
3
, and the glaciers of 
Pamir-Alay at 465 km
3
. River runoff primarily collects in the largest 
of  Central  Asia’s  rivers  –  the  Amu  Darya  and  Syr  Darya,  which 
flow into the Aral Sea. The annual volume of river runoff to these 
rivers is shown in Table 3.4.
 
Uzbekistan is subject to international 
agreements allocating water use. Uzbekistan is entitled to an average 
of 43-52 km
3
 of water per year. In any given year, water allocations 
are calculated and adjusted subject to the agreed ratio.
Table 3.4. 
Water Resources (km
3
/year) of the Rivers of the Aral Sea Basin
2,3
River
River average 
long-term volume of 
runoff
Volume of runoff 
corresponding to 
5% cumulative 
probability
Volume of runoff 
corresponding to 
95% cumulative 
probability
Amu Darya
78.5
108.4
46.9
Syr Darya
37.9
54.1
21.4
Total number of different streams in Uzbekistan is 17 777 and 
from them in basin of River Amu Darya are allocated 9930 and for 
the basin of River Syr Darya are allocated 4926. In the Uzbekistan 
are >500 lakes, but most of them are small with an area less 
than 1 km
2 4
. Lakes usually are located in the river valleys. In the 
moun tain ous areas lakes are formed as a result of glacier melting, 
especially when the discharge possibilities are limited. The number 
of lakes in mountainous and plain areas is relatively similar (cor res-
pond ingly 56.5% and 43.5%). Mountainous lakes usually originate 
from obstruction and glacier-moraine, while lakes located in the 
plains form from drainage water. 

Ирригация Узбекистана. Том I, Развитие ирригации в комплексе произво-
дительных сил Узбекистана. Ташкент, Из-во «Фан» 1975. – стр. 138-169. 

Окружающая среда и безопасность в бассейне Амударьи. ЮНЕП, ПРООН, 
ЕЭК ООН, ОБСЕ, РЭЦ, НАТО. 2011. – 11 с. www.unep.org. 

Вода жизненно важный ресурс для будущего Узбекистана. Ташкент, ПРО-
ОН. 2007. – 128 с.; www.undp.uz. 

Национальный  доклад  о  состоянии  окружающей  среды  и  использова-
нии  природных  ресурсов  в  Республике  Узбекистан  (1988-2007).  Гос ком-
природы. Ташкент, 2008. – 298 с.; www.econews.uz 


3. Water resources of Uzbekistan
 29
Much like the Aral Sea basin, Uzbekistan on the whole features 
an unequal distribution of water resources. The plains contribute 
very little to river flows. In irrigated zones, these flows are mainly 
from irrigation canals. But in the upper watershed, the zone of flow 
formation, there is a well-developed river network. Six percent of 
the river runoff directly formed on Uzbekistan’s territory emanate 
from the Amu Darya River basin and 15% come from the Syr Darya 
River  basin.  However,  less  than  10%  of  total  runoff  are  formed 
on Uzbekistan’s territory; the bulk of water resources used in 
Uzbekistan originate beyond its borders. The natural course of river 
flow from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers is greatly distorted 
by reservoirs, water withdrawal for irrigation, and the discharge 
of  drainage  water.  All  of  these  break  up  their  hydrodynamic  and 
hydrochemical regimes
2001 1997 1987 1977 1957
0.8%
5.0%
65.0%
84.4%
95.0%

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