Agglutinative languages
My dictionary gives the definition of agglutinate as "unite as with glue; (of language)
combine simple words without change of form to express compound ideas". Textbook examples
are usually based on Turkish or Swahili, of which we'll use the Turkish (Uzbek). In our example
we'll use the following morphemes:
lar = plural
ning = possessive (eg his, her, its)
dan = ablative (eg a grammatical "case" ending showing a source, eg from a house).
To complete our example, we need a Turkish noun, in this case ev which means "house".
From this noun we can make the following words:
ev: house
evler: houses
evi: his/her house
evleri: his/her houses, their houses
evden: from the house
evlerden: from the houses
evinden: from his/her house
evlerinden: from his/her houses, from their houses
(Notice that the possessive morpheme i is regularly followed by n before den.)
The important thing about this example is to notice how the morphemes all represent a
"unit of meaning" and how they remain absolutely identifiable within the structure of the words.
This is in contrast to what happens in the last class: the inflecting languages.
Germanic group of languages
The term "grammar" goes back to a Greek word that may be translated as the "art of
writing". But later this word acquired a much wider sense and came to embrace the whole study
of language. Now it is often used as the synonym of linguistics. A question comes immediately
to mind: what does this study involve?
Grammar may be practical and theoretical. The aim of practical grammar is the
description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences. The aim
of theoretical grammar is to offer explanation for these rules. Generally speaking, theoretical
grammar deals with the language as a functional system.
Most of the world’s languages belong to language families. A language family is a group
of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that
family. The major of that is Indo-European family. It is divided into several groups, which are
also united genetically. One of them is Germanic group. English belongs to Germanic branch of
Indo-European family. Indo-European languages are classified into two structural types –
synthetic and analytic. Synthetic languages are defined as ones of “internal” grammar of the
word. Here most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed
with the help of inflexions. Analytical languages are those of “external” grammar because most
grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do).
The basic concepts in the morphological classification of languages are
the morpheme and the word. The basic criteria for classification are the nature of the
morphemes (lexical and grammatical) combined in a word; the method of their combination,
such as pre- or post positioning of grammatical morphemes (which has a direct relation to
syntax) and agglutination, or fusion (related to the field of morphophonemics); and the
syntactically related connection between the morpheme and the word (such as isolation, when
morpheme = word, or the analytic or synthetic character of word formation and inflection).
Morphological classification seeks to describe not specific languages (in which several
morphological types are always present), but basic structural phenomena and trends in
languages.
Morphological structure of languages is just one way of grouping languages.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |