Keywords: Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), thrombomodulin (TM), activated
protein C (APC), human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles
Medium/ Ham’s F12 (DMEM/F12), epidermal growth factor (EGF).
Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a plasma zymogen that is activated to its
active form activated TAFI (TAFIa) by cleavage by thrombin, plasmin or thrombin in complex
with thrombomodulin (TM). TAFI activation by the thrombin/TM complex is over 1000-fold more
efficient then thrombin alone, and thus is thought to represent an important physiological mode of
TAFI activation. TAFIa is a basic carboxypeptidase and a known inhibitor of plasminogen activation
to plasmin. TAFIa cleaves carboxyl-terminal lysine residues from protein and peptide substrates
including plasminogen receptors and fibrin degradation products . Carboxyl-terminal lysine
residues are vital in plasminogen activation to plasmin and cleavage by TAFIa of these residues
on plasminogen receptors reflects a key role for TAFI in regulation of pericellular plasminogen
activation.
TM is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of several cell types including endothelial
cells. TM is comprised on a C-type lectin-like domain, 6 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like
repeats, a serine/threonine-rich domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail. TM
is involved in several physiological processes including inflammation and coagulation. TM has
also been show to be anti-metastatic factor. Expression of TM in cancer is inversely correlated to
survival. Several groups have demonstrated the important of TM in mediating cell invasion and
migration of cancer cells. Horowitz and coworkers found that the anti-metastatic effects of TM are
attributed to its thrombin binding domain. Importantly, binding of thrombin to TM is responsible for
the activation of TAFI to TAFIa as well as the activation of protein C to activated protein C (APC).
Horowitz and coworkers did not explicitly determine which substrate of the thrombin/TM complex is
responsible for the anti-metastatic effects of TM. Additional studies have demonstrated that TM can
act either as a pro- and anti-angiogenic factor. We have previously demonstrated that TAFIa inhibits
metastatic behaviours of breast cancer cells by inhibition of plasminogen activation. Additionally,
our unpublished data have shown that TAFIa inhibits angiogenic potential of endothelial cells in
breast cancer through inhibition of plasminogen activation. Conversely, there are conflicting studies
with regard to the role of PC in cancer metastasis. While some studies have demonstrated that
APC is metastatic, others have shown it can act as an anti-metastatic factor. Additionally, studies
have shown that APC can act as a pro-angiogenic factor. We therefore sought to determine which
substrate of the thrombin/TM complex is responsible for the anti-metastatic effects of TM and the
role of TM in tumour angiogenesis.
Methods MDA-MB-231, human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293) and human umbilical
vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were purchased from ATCC. SUM149 cells were a kind gift from
Dr. Stephen Ethier (Karmanos Cancer Institute). MDA-MB-231 cells growth in Dulbecco’s Modified
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