Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Nekrasov, and Yudina (1991, or later editions). Let us examine a single
eighth-grade class devoted to the rhombus:
At the beginning of the lesson, the class is asked to solve the following
two problems on the basis of drawings that have been made on the
blackboard beforehand:
1. Find the length of two congruent sides of an isosceles triangle
whose height is equal to 6 cm and whose vertex angle is equal to
120
◦
.
2. The diagonals of a parallelogram are mutually perpendicular. Prove
that all of its sides are congruent.
It is then suggested that the teacher formulate a definition of the
rhombus and ask the students themselves to define those properties
of the rhombus which derive from a definition of the rhombus as a
special type of parallelogram, and then to prove specific properties of
the rhombus on their own. The recommendations do not stipulate
who is to formulate these properties: this may depend on the class;
in one class, the students may do this independently, such as using
drawings, while in another class it may be done by the teacher.
Thereafter, it is suggested that the students begin solving problems,
and it is recommended that the following problems from the textbook
be used for this purpose:
• In a rhombus, one of the diagonals is congruent to a
side. Find the angles of the rhombus.
• Prove that a parallelogram is a rhombus if one of its
diagonals is an angle bisector.
At the conclusion of the lesson, it is recommended that the students
be asked to read on their own the paragraph about squares in the
textbook and then to answer the following questions orally, but
possibly making use of suggestive drawings prepared by the teacher
beforehand:
Is a quadrilateral a square if its diagonals are:
(a) congruent and mutually perpendicular?
(b) mutually perpendicular and have a common midpoint?
(c) congruent, mutually perpendicular, and have a common
midpoint?
March 9, 2011
15:1
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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On the Teaching of GeometryGeometry in Russia
91
As can be seen, all of the problems are quite traditional. At the same
time, it is impossible not to notice that the lesson presupposes active
and varied involvement by the students — who, on their own, carry
out proofs, construct arguments orally and in writing, and interpret and
analyze diagrams. Students are expected to possess a comparatively high
level of knowledge about the topics that have already been covered; in
order to solve the very first problem, students must know the properties
of an isosceles triangle and the relations in a right triangle with a 30
◦
angle. In general, the lesson is conducted as a sequence of problem-
solving activities that are connected with one another; for example,
solving the problems with which the lesson begins helps to solve the
problems that are posed later on, which, therefore, would not be as
difficult for the students.
The ability to construct lessons in which intensive reasoning and
investigative work will fall within the students’ powers is essential
for realizing those aims and objectives of the geometry course which
we have discussed above and which may be achieved only through
systematic and consistent work over many years. At the same time, the
stability of the contents of the course also helps teachers to accumulate
the necessary teaching experience.
Equally important is that over literally centuries of geometry
instruction, an exceptionally rich array of problems and educational and
developmental activities has been accumulated. An enormous number
of the problems analyzed by Polya (1973, 1981, 1954) were problems
in geometry. And this is no accident: to those who want to know “how
to solve it,” geometry offers special possibilities. Those who believe
that students transfer what they have learned — and that by learning
to solve problems in geometry students also learn something beyond
geometry — cannot afford to turn their backs on geometry. That is
why Russian educators do not give up traditional Euclidean geometry.
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