rectangle.
ality are studied in the context of solving word problems.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
When working with magnitudes, students are given visual repre-
sentations of each magnitude and each unit of magnitude. Emphasis is
placed on the decimal relationship between geometrical magnitudes
(length, area) and mass, as well as on performing operations with
numbers signifying magnitudes. Special attention is given to finding
the perimeter and area of rectangles. Here are a few sample problems:
• Compare: 7200 m and 72 km, 300,000 m
2
and 1 km
2
, 2 h and
80 min, 8 cwt and 740 kg.
• Draw a rectangle with sides equal to 1 dm and 1 cm. Find its area
and its perimeter.
• Calculate: 12 m 86 cm + 3 m 45 cm; 45 tons 275 kg − 18 tons
130 kg. (Moro et al., 2009, 4th grade, part 1, pp. 48, 54, 67)
Additionally, some of the textbooks consider archaic units and
measurements; the area of a right triangle; volume, units of volume;
and magnitudes of angles.
7.2.4
Geometrical content
The following topics belong in this section:
Identifying and reproducing geometrical figures: point, line, seg-
ment, angle, polygon — triangle, rectangle (square), their properties,
diagonals in a rectangle. Plane figures: types of angles, types of
triangles (right, acute, obtuse, isosceles, equilateral), broken line,
circle (center, radius, diameter).
In accordance with the new standard, the following geometrical
solids have been introduced into the curriculum: parallelepiped, pyra-
mid, cylinder, and cone. At this time, only some of the programs study
these figures.
The following types of exercises are in use when studying these
topics: identifying figures (choosing one figure among several, from a
complex diagram, in the students’ surroundings), comparing figures,
measuring figures, reproducing figures (on square paper and unruled
paper), partition and transformation of figures (by cutting, folding,
drawing, mentally), building models of figures (using clay or cutouts),
and analyzing surfaces (touch it!). Assignments involving geometrical
figures often presuppose practical tasks.
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Dorofeev and Mirakova (2009), Ivashova et al. (2009), and
Istomina (2009) give special attention to the development of spatial
imagination or varying the reference point. For example, Ivashova et al.
(2009) have two seemingly identical exercises with what turns out to
have different answers (Fig. 3):
1. What is to the left of the square?
2. What is to the left of the girl?
Fig. 3.
Additionally, some of the textbooks study isometry: axial and point
symmetry; translation.
The inclusion of such advanced topics as “coordinate plane,”
“graphs,” “dividing circumference into equal parts,” and “dividing
a segment into 2, 4, 8 equal parts using a compass and ruler”
(Rudnitskaya and Yudacheva, 2009) seems to us unjustified. These
skills are never used in elementary school.
7.2.5
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