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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch08
Assessment in Mathematics in Russian Schools
339
students a minute or two to think about it, the teacher might call on
one of them and ask this student to list all of the possible cases orally,
and then call on a second student to sketch all of these cases on the
blackboard.
The “from the seat” response is an essential part of general discus-
sions, which a teacher may organize, for example, when embarking
on some new topic and the students are just developing a basic
understanding of it. Thus, sketching several different quadrilaterals on
the blackboard, a teacher might single out some of them, indicating
that these particular kinds of quadrilaterals, known as parallelograms,
will be studied in the next few lessons; after which the teacher
might ask the students themselves to come up with a definition for
a parallelogram.
To be sure, in this kind of situation, it would hardly be useful to give
a formal grade for a wrong answer (although it would be quite natural
to reward a good answer with a formal grade). Indeed, formal grading
is by no means necessary in any of the other described examples either.
At the same time, teachers often keep track of how actively a student
participates in class by making special marks in their journals and then
giving a grade based on several responses. In any event, by working
with the class in this way, a teacher acquires a better understanding
of the students, and the students themselves come to see their own
difficulties and strengths more clearly.
“From the seat” responses come in many different forms, and
sometimes they can only nominally be classified as part of oral work.
To give one example: all students in a class are given one or another
“tricky” question [such as: construct the graph of
y = (sin x)
log
sin
x
2
],
and the teacher asks the first two students who have completed the
assignment to come up to him or her and show their answers. If a
student’s answer is incorrect, the student does not receive a bad grade,
but loses the possibility of coming up and showing the teacher the
answer to this question. The first student who shows the teacher a
correct answer receives a five.
Mention must also be made of specific psychological problems
connected with “from the seat” responses and with students’ levels of
class participation in general. In moving up from one grade to the next,
March 9, 2011
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
students’ attitudes toward voluntary “from the seat” responses change.
If in grades 4–6 (not to mention of grades 1–3) students constantly raise
their hands and want to answer every question, sometimes regardless
of whether or not they know the answer — or whether or not they
even heard the question, then starting in seventh grade this “forest
of hands” begins to thin out catastrophically until, by 11th grade,
often only two or three students at most raise their hands, while many
students who know the correct answer to a question do not. Some do
not raise their hands because they are not sure of the correctness of
their answer and are afraid that the teacher will ridicule their answer,
or that their classmates will laugh at its incorrectness. Others do not
raise their hands because they are afraid that if they answer correctly and
the teacher praises them, their classmates will smile ironically and view
them as “social climbers” or “too clever.” For this reason, teachers are
often forced to call directly on respondents, without looking at which
students have raised their hands; this is also useful, however, because it
allows teachers to involve those students in class discussions who might
have preferred to sit quietly without participating if left to their own
devices.
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