(pp. 117–118).
The textbook then discusses using continuity and the derivative.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
for finding approximate solutions to equations by progressively narrow-
ing the segment at whose endpoints the function has different signs.
Geometric and mechanical applications of derivatives are examined.
Among the geometric applications, for example, is the equation for
the line tangent to the graph of a function, which in turn is used for
approximate computations: for small x, the following approximate
formula is defined:f(x) ≈ f(x
0
) + f
(x
0
)x. This formula is used to
find approximate values of power and trigonometric functions. Visual-
geometric considerations underpin the so-called Lagrange formula
(concerning the fact that when certain conditions hold on the segment
[a, b], there will be a c ∈ (a, b) such that f
(c) =
f(b)−
f(a)
b−
a
).
The physical applications are quite varied and not reducible to the
concept of instantaneous velocity. The textbook examines acceleration,
linear density, and angular velocity. Of interest is the physical derivation
(or illustration) of certain calculus theorems. The formula for the
derivative of a sum is connected with the velocity addition law.
Lagrange’s theorem, mentioned above, is connected with the fact
that at a certain moment in a motion, the instantaneous and average
velocities must coincide.
The use of the derivative for the investigation of functions is the
most important application of the derivative in the school curriculum.
The presentation is quite similar to the college course in calculus,
since it involves the formulation of Lagrange’s theorem, which is
fundamental to this topic. Lagrange’s theorem is then used to prove
sufficient conditions for a function to be increasing or decreasing;
this is followed by a proof of a necessary condition for a function to
have an extremum and sufficient conditions for a function to have an
extremum (a change in the sign of the derivative). The final topic in
the chapter “Derivatives and Their Applications” is the greatest and
the least value of a function. A large number of applied problems are
solved, providing the occasion to discuss mathematical modeling. An
example of such a problem is:
A square sheet of tin with side a must be used to make an open-
top box by cutting out squares at the corners and bending the edges
upward. What must be the length of the side of the base of the box
in order for the box to have the maximal volume? (p. 152)
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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